Processes for the preparation of s1p1 receptor modulators and crystalline forms thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to salts, processes, and process intermediates useful in the preparation of (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic acid of Formula (Ia), salts, and crystalline forms thereof. The compound (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic acid has been identified as an S1P1 receptor modulator that is useful in the treatment of S1P1 receptor-associated disorders, for example, diseases and disorders mediated by lymphocytes, transplant rejection, autoimmune diseases and disorders, inflammatory diseases and disorders (e.g., acute and chronic inflammatory conditions), cancer, and conditions characterized by an underlying defect in vascular integrity or that are associated with angiogenesis such as may be pathologic (e.g., as may occur in inflammation, tumor development, and atherosclerosis).

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to salts, processes, and processintermediates useful in the preparation of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid of Formula (Ia), salts, and crystalline forms thereof. The compound(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid has been identified as an S1P1 receptor modulator that is useful inthe treatment of S1P1 receptor-associated disorders, for example,diseases and disorders mediated by lymphocytes, transplant rejection,autoimmune diseases and disorders, inflammatory diseases and disorders(e.g., acute and chronic inflammatory conditions), cancer, andconditions characterized by an underlying defect in vascular integrityor that are associated with angiogenesis such as may be pathologic(e.g., as may occur in inflammation, tumor development, andatherosclerosis).

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

S1P1 receptor agonists have been shown to possess at leastimmunosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, and/or hemostatic activities, e.g.by virtue of modulating leukocyte trafficking, sequestering lymphocytesin secondary lymphoid tissues, and/or enhancing vascular integrity.Accordingly, S1P1 receptor agonists can be useful as immunosuppressiveagents for at least autoimmune diseases and disorders, inflammatorydiseases and disorders (e.g., acute and chronic inflammatoryconditions), transplant rejection, cancer, and/or conditions that havean underlying defect in vascular integrity or that are associated withangiogenesis such as may be pathologic (e.g., as may occur ininflammation, tumor development, and atherosclerosis) with fewer sideeffects such as the impairment of immune responses to systemicinfection.

The sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors 1-5 constitute a family of Gprotein-coupled receptors containing a seven-transmembrane domain. Thesereceptors, referred to as S1P1 to S1P5 (formerly termed endothelialdifferentiation gene (EDG) receptor-1, -5, -3, -6, and -8, respectively;Chun et al., Pharmacological Reviews, 54:265-269, 2002), are activatedvia binding by sphingosine-1-phosphate, which is produced by thesphingosine kinase-catalyzed phosphorylation of sphingosine. S1P1, S1P4,and S1P5 receptors activate Gi but not Gq, whereas S1P2 and S1P3receptors activate both Gi and Gq. The S1P3 receptor, but not the S1P1receptor, responds to an agonist with an increase in intracellularcalcium.

In view of the growing demand for S1P1 agonists useful in the treatmentof S1P1 receptor-associated disorders, the compound(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid of Formula (Ia):

has emerged as an important new compound, see PCT patent application,Serial No. PCT/US2009/004851 hereby incorporated by reference in itsentirety. Accordingly, new and efficient routes leading to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid, salts, intermediates, and crystalline forms related thereto areneeded. The processes and compounds described herein help meet these andother needs.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides, inter alia, salts, crystalline forms,and processes for the preparation(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid of Formula (Ia).

The processes and intermediates of the present invention are useful inpreparing(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid. The compound(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid is useful in the treatment of S1P1 receptor-associated disorders,such as, psoriasis and multiple sclerosis.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to salts and crystallineforms thereof selected from the group consisting of:

-   (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic    acid L-lysine salt;-   (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic    acid sodium salt;-   (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)    acetic acid sodium salt hydrate;-   (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic    acid ethylenediamine salt hydrate;-   (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic    acid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt;-   (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic    acid L-arginine salt;-   (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic    acid zinc salt;-   (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic    acid calcium salt;-   (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic    acid N-methylglucamine salt;-   (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic    acid potassium salt; and-   (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic    acid magnesium salt.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt hydrate.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-arginine salt.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid zinc salt.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid calcium salt.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid N-methylglucamine salt.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid potassium salt.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid magnesium salt.

One aspect of the present invention is directed a crystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to compositionscomprising a salt or a crystalline form, each as described herein.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising a salt or a crystalline form, each as describedherein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to methods for treatingan S1P1 receptor-associated disorder in an individual comprisingadministering to the individual in need thereof a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a salt, a crystalline form, or a pharmaceuticalcomposition, each as described herein.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to methods for treatinga disease or disorder mediated by lymphocytes in an individualcomprising administering to the individual in need thereof atherapeutically effective amount of a salt, a crystalline form, or apharmaceutical composition, each as described herein.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to methods for treatingan autoimmune disease or disorder in an individual comprisingadministering to the individual in need thereof a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a salt, a crystalline form, or a pharmaceuticalcomposition, each as described herein.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to methods for treatingan inflammatory disease or disorder in an individual comprisingadministering to the individual in need thereof a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a salt, a crystalline form, or a pharmaceuticalcomposition, each as described herein.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to methods for treatinga microbial infection or disease in an individual comprisingadministering to the individual in need thereof a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a salt, a crystalline form, or a pharmaceuticalcomposition, each as described herein.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to methods for treatinga viral infection or disease in an individual comprising administeringto the individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount ofa salt, a crystalline form, or a pharmaceutical composition, each asdescribed herein.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to methods for treatingcancer in an individual comprising administering to the individual inneed thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a salt, a crystallineform, or a pharmaceutical composition, each as described herein.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to methods for treatinga disorder in an individual comprising administering to said individualin need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a salt, acrystalline form, or a pharmaceutical composition, each as describedherein, wherein said disorder is selected from the group consisting ofpsoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, transplant rejection,multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ulcerative colitis,type I diabetes, acne, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury,hypertensive nephropathy, glomerulosclerosis, gastritis, polymyositis,thyroiditis, vitiligo, hepatitis, and biliary cirrhosis.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a salt or acrystalline form, each as described herein, in the manufacture of amedicament for the treatment of an S1P1 receptor-associated disorder.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a salt or acrystalline form, each as described herein, in the manufacture of amedicament for the treatment of a disease or disorder mediated bylymphocytes.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a salt or acrystalline form, each as described herein, in the manufacture of amedicament for the treatment of an autoimmune disease or disorder.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a salt or acrystalline form, each as described herein, in the manufacture of amedicament for the treatment of an inflammatory disease or disorder.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a salt or acrystalline form, each as described herein, in the manufacture of amedicament for the treatment of a microbial infection or disease.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a salt or acrystalline form, each as described herein, in the manufacture of amedicament for the treatment of a viral infection or disease.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a salt or acrystalline form, each as described herein, in the manufacture of amedicament for the treatment of cancer.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a salt or acrystalline form, each as described herein, in the manufacture of amedicament for the treatment of an S1P1 receptor-associated disorderselected from the group consisting of psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis,Crohn's disease, transplant rejection, multiple sclerosis, systemiclupus erythematosus, ulcerative colitis, type I diabetes, acne,myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, hypertensive nephropathy,glomerulosclerosis, gastritis, polymyositis, thyroiditis, vitiligo,hepatitis, and biliary cirrhosis.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a salt, a crystallineform, or pharmaceutical composition, each as described herein, for usein a method for the treatment of the human or animal body by therapy.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a salt, a crystallineform, or pharmaceutical composition, each as described herein, for usein a method for the treatment of an S1P1 receptor-associated disorder.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a salt, a crystallineform, or pharmaceutical composition, each as described herein, for usein a method for the treatment of a disease or disorder mediated bylymphocytes.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a salt, a crystallineform, or pharmaceutical composition, each as described herein, for usein a method for the treatment of an autoimmune disease or disorder.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a salt, a crystallineform, or pharmaceutical composition, each as described herein, for usein a method for the treatment of an inflammatory disease or disorder.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a salt, a crystallineform, or pharmaceutical composition, each as described herein, for usein a method for the treatment of a microbial infection or disease.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a salt, a crystallineform, or pharmaceutical composition, each as described herein, for usein a method for the treatment of a viral infection or disease.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a salt, a crystallineform, or pharmaceutical composition, each as described herein, for usein a method for the treatment of cancer.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a salt, a crystallineform, or pharmaceutical composition, each as described herein, for usein a method for the treatment of an S1P1 receptor-associated disorderselected from the group consisting of psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis,Crohn's disease, transplant rejection, multiple sclerosis, systemiclupus erythematosus, ulcerative colitis, type I diabetes, acne,myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, hypertensive nephropathy,glomerulosclerosis, gastritis, polymyositis, thyroiditis, vitiligo,hepatitis, and biliary cirrhosis.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to processes for preparingcompositions comprising admixing a salt or a crystalline form, each asdescribed herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The present invention further provides, inter alia, processes forpreparing an L-lysine salt of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid of Formula (Ia):

comprising the following steps:

a) reacting a compound of Formula (IIa) or a salt thereof:

wherein R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently from the groupconsisting of H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, halogen, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl,C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, and nitro; with a compound of:

wherein R⁴ is C₁-C₄ alkyl;

in the presence of an indole-forming-step acid and anindole-forming-step solvent to form a compound of Formula (IIc):

b) cyclizing the compound of Formula (IIc) with a compound of Formula(IId):

wherein R⁵ is C₁-C₄ alkyl;

in the presence of an alkali metal C₁-C₄ alkoxide base and acyclizing-step solvent to form a compound of Formula (IIe), or a ketotautomer thereof:

wherein M is an alkali metal or H;

c) decarboxylating the compound of Formula (IIe), or a keto tautomerthereof, in the presence of a Brønsted acid and water to form a compoundof Formula (IIf):

d) olefinating the compound of Formula (IIf) with a compound of Formula(IIg):

wherein R⁶ is C₁-C₄ alkyl; and each R⁷ is independently C₁-C₄ alkyl;

in the presence of an olefinating-step base and an olefinating-stepsolvent to form a compound of Formula (IIh):

e) reducing the compound of Formula (IIh) in the presence of:

i) a chiral phosphine ligand;

ii) a Cu-catalyst;

iii) hydride-reagent;

iv) a reducing-step solvent; and

v) optionally a sterically-hindered C₃-C₈ alkylalcohol, to form acompound of Formula (IIi):

f) deprotecting the compound of Formula (IIi) in the presence ofhydrogen, a palladium catalyst, and a deprotecting-step solvent, to forma compound of Formula (IIj), or a salt thereof:

g) alkylating the compound of Formula (IIj) or a salt thereof, with4-(chloromethyl)-1-isopropoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene of Formula(IIk):

in the presence of an alkylating-step base, and an alkylating-stepsolvent to form a compound of Formula (IIm) or a salt thereof:

h) chlorinating the compound of Formula (IIm) or a salt thereof, with achlorinating agent in the presence of a chlorinating-step solvent toform a compound of Formula (IIn):

i) hydrolyzing the compound of Formula (IIn) in the presence of ahydrolyzing-step base and a hydrolyzing-step solvent to form the(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid;

and

j) contacting the(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid with L-lysine or a salt thereof, in the presence of acontacting-step solvent and H₂O to form the L-lysine salt of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to one or more of theprocesses as described above in Steps a) through j), either providedseparately or together, that are useful in the preparation of anintermediate for use directly or indirectly in the preparation of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid of Formula (Ia), salts, and/or crystalline forms thereof.

These and other aspects of the invention disclosed herein will be setforth in greater detail as the patent disclosure proceeds.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a powder X-ray diffraction pattern (PXRD) for a samplecontaining a crystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid (PANalytical X'Pert Plus Powder X-Ray Diffractometer; 5.0 to 40.0°2θ).

FIG. 2 shows a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram for asample containing a crystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid (TA Instruments DSC Q2000; 10° C./min). FIG. 2 also depicts athermogravimetric analysis (TGA) thermogram for a sample containing acrystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid (TA Instruments TGA Q50000 in open cell; 10° C./min).

FIG. 3 shows a dynamic moisture sorption profile for a sample containinga crystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid.

FIG. 4 shows a powder X-ray diffraction pattern (PXRD) for a samplecontaining a crystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt (PANalytical X'Pert Plus Powder X-Ray Diffractometer;5.0 to 40.0° 2θ).

FIG. 5 shows a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram for asample containing a crystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt (TA Instruments DSC Q2000; 10° C./min). FIG. 5 alsodepicts a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) thermogram for a samplecontaining a crystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt (TA Instruments TGA Q50000 in open cell; 10° C./min).

FIG. 6 shows a dynamic moisture sorption profile for a sample containinga crystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt.

FIG. 7 shows a powder X-ray diffraction pattern (PXRD) for a samplecontaining a crystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic acid sodium salt hydrate (PANalytical X'Pert Plus Powder X-RayDiffractometer; 5.0 to 40.0° 2θ).

FIG. 8 shows a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram for asample containing a crystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic acid sodium salt hydrate (TA Instruments DSC Q2000; 10° C./min).FIG. 8 also depicts a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) thermogram for asample containing a crystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic acid sodium salt hydrate (TA Instruments TGA Q50000 in open cell;10° C./min).

FIG. 9 shows a dynamic moisture sorption profile for a sample containinga crystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic acid sodium salt hydrate.

FIG. 10 shows a powder X-ray diffraction pattern (PXRD) for a samplecontaining a crystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate (PANalytical X'Pert Plus Powder X-RayDiffractometer; 5.0 to 40.0° 2θ).

FIG. 11 shows a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram for asample containing a crystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate (TA Instruments DSC Q2000; 10°C./min). FIG. 11 also depicts a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)thermogram for a sample containing a crystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate (TA Instruments TGA Q50000 in opencell; 10° C./min).

FIG. 12 shows a dynamic moisture sorption profile for a samplecontaining a crystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate.

FIG. 13 shows a powder X-ray diffraction pattern (PXRD) for a samplecontaining a crystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt (PANalyticalX'Pert Plus Powder X-Ray Diffractometer; 5.0 to 40.0° 2θ).

FIG. 14 shows a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermogram for asample containing a crystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt (TAInstruments DSC Q2000; 10° C./min). FIG. 14 also depicts athermogravimetric analysis (TGA) thermogram for a sample containing acrystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt (TAInstruments TGA Q5000 in open cell; 10° C./min).

FIG. 15 shows the effect of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt in the Peripheral Lymphocyte Lowering (PLL) Assayafter a 0.3 mg/kg oral dose (0.5% methyl cellulose in water) in BALB/cmice.

FIG. 16 shows the effect of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid in the Peripheral Lymphocyte Lowering (PLL) Assay after a 1.0 mg/kgoral dose (0.5% methyl cellulose in water) in male Sprague-Dawley rats.

FIG. 17 shows the effect of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis(EAE) assay after daily oral dosing of 0.1 mg/kg, 0.3 mg/kg, and 1.0mg/kg from day 3 to day 21.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions

For clarity and consistency, the following definitions will be usedthroughout this patent document.

The term “agonist” refers to a moiety that interacts and activates thereceptor, such as, the S1P1 receptor and initiate a physiological orpharmacological response characteristic of that receptor. For example,when moieties activate the intracellular response upon binding to thereceptor, or enhance GTP binding to membranes.

The term “hydrate” as used refers to a compound of the invention or asalt thereof, that further includes a stoichiometric ornon-stoichiometric amount of water bound by non-covalent intermolecularforces.

The term “in need of treatment” and the term “in need thereof,” whenreferring to treatment are used interchangeably to mean a judgment madeby a caregiver (e.g. physician, nurse, nurse practitioner, etc. in thecase of humans; veterinarian in the case of animals, including non-humanmammals) that an individual or animal requires or will benefit fromtreatment. This judgment is made based on a variety of factors that arein the realm of a caregiver's expertise, but that includes the knowledgethat the individual or animal is ill, or will become ill, as the resultof a disease, condition or disorder that is treatable by the compoundsof the invention. Accordingly, the compounds of the invention can beused in a protective or preventive manner; or compounds of the inventioncan be used to alleviate, inhibit or ameliorate the disease, conditionor disorder.

The term “individual” refers to any animal, including mammals,preferably mice, rats, other rodents, rabbits, dogs, cats, swine,cattle, sheep, horses, or primates and most preferably humans.

The term “modulate or modulating” refers to an increase or decrease inthe amount, quality, response or effect of a particular activity,function or molecule.

The term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a composition comprisingat least one active ingredient; including but not limited to, salts,solvates and hydrates of compounds of the present invention; whereby thecomposition is amenable to investigation for a specified, efficaciousoutcome in a mammal (for example, without limitation, a human). Those ofordinary skill in the art will understand and appreciate the techniquesappropriate for determining whether an active ingredient has a desiredefficacious outcome based upon the needs of the artisan.

The term “solvate” as used herein means a compound of the invention or asalt, thereof, that further includes a stoichiometric ornon-stoichiometric amount of a solvent bound by non-covalentintermolecular forces. Preferred solvents are volatile, non-toxic,and/or acceptable for administration to humans in trace amounts.

The term “therapeutically effective amount” refers to the amount ofactive compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological ormedicinal response in a tissue, system, animal, individual or human thatis being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor or otherclinician or caregiver; or in an individual, which includes one or moreof the following:

(1) Preventing the disease; for example, preventing a disease, conditionor disorder in an individual that may be predisposed to the disease,condition or disorder but does not yet experience or display thepathology or symptomatology of the disease,

(2) Inhibiting the disease; for example, inhibiting a disease, conditionor disorder in an individual that is experiencing or displaying thepathology or symptomatology of the disease, condition or disorder (i.e.,arresting further development of the pathology and/or symptomatology)and

(3) Ameliorating the disease; for example, ameliorating a disease,condition or disorder in an individual that is experiencing ordisplaying the pathology or symptomatology of the disease, condition ordisorder (i.e., reversing the pathology and/or symptomatology).

The term “reacting” is used herein as known in the art and generallyrefers to the bringing together of chemical reagents in such a manner soas to allow their interaction at the molecular level to achieve achemical or physical transformation of at least one chemical reagent.

Chemical Group, Moiety or Radical

The term “C₁-C₄ alkoxy” refers to a C₁-C₄ alkyl radical, as definedherein, attached directly to an oxygen atom. In some embodiments, theterm alkoxy refers to 1 to 3 carbons; some embodiments 1 to 3 carbons;and some embodiments 1 or 2 carbons. Examples include methoxy, ethoxy,n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, t-butoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy, andthe like.

The term “alkyl” refers to a straight or branched carbon radical. Insome embodiments, the term “C₃-C₈ alkyl” refers to an alkyl radicalcontaining 3 to 8 carbons. In some embodiments, the term “C₁-C₆ alkyl”refers to an alkyl radical containing 1 to 6 carbons. In someembodiments, the term “C₁-C₅ alkyl” refers to a radical containing 1 to5 carbons. In some embodiments, the term “C₁-C₄ alkyl” refers to analkyl radical containing 1 to 4 carbons. Examples of an alkyl include,but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl,sec-butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, t-pentyl, neo-pentyl,1-methylbutyl [i.e., —CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₂CH₃], 2-methylbutyl [i.e.,—CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃], n-hexyl, and the like.

The term “halogen” or “halo” refers to a fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodogroup.

The term “C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy” refers to a C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, as definedherein, which is directly attached to an oxygen atom. Examples include,but are not limited to, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy,2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, pentafluoroethoxy, and the like.

The term “C₁-C₄ haloalkyl” refers to a C₁-C₄ alkyl group, definedherein, wherein the alkyl is substituted with one halogen up to fullysubstituted and a fully substituted C₁-C₄ haloalkyl can be representedby the formula C_(n)L_(2n+1) wherein L is a halogen and “n” is 1, 2, 3,4, 5 or 6; when more than one halogen is present then they may be thesame or different and selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Brand I, preferably F, some embodiments are 1 to 5 carbons, someembodiments are 1 to 4 carbons, some embodiments are 1 to 3 carbons, andsome embodiments are 1 or 2 carbons. Examples of haloalkyl groupsinclude, but are not limited to, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl,trifluoromethyl, chlorodifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl,pentafluoroethyl, and the like.

The term “nitro” refers to the group —NO₂.

The term “sterically-hindered C₃-C₈ alkylalcohol” refers to a 2° alcoholor a 3° alcohol containing C₃ to C₈ carbons. Examples of a“sterically-hindered C₃-C₈ alkylalcohol” include, isopropanol, t-butylalcohol, 2-methylbutan-2-ol, 2,3-dimethylbutan-2-ol,2,3,3-trimethylbutan-2-ol, 3-methylpentan-3-ol, 3-ethylpentan-3-ol, andthe like.

Salts and Crystalline Forms

The present invention is directed to, inter alia, salts of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid of Formula (Ia) and crystalline forms thereof.

The present invention is further directed to a crystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic acid sodium salt hydrate.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-arginine salt.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid zinc salt.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid calcium salt.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid N-methylglucamine salt.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid potassium salt.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid magnesium salt.

Salts and Crystalline Forms

The crystalline forms of the salts and free acid of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid can be identified by their unique solid state signatures withrespect to, for example, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powderX-ray diffraction (PXRD), and other solid state methods. Furthercharacterization with respect to water or solvent content of thecrystalline forms can be gauged by any of the following methods forexample, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), DSC and the like. For DSC, itis known that the temperatures observed for thermal events will dependupon sample purity, and may also depend on the rate of temperaturechange, as well as sample preparation technique and the particularinstrument employed. Thus, the values reported herein relating to DSCthermograms can vary by plus or minus about 5° C. The values reportedherein relating to DSC thermograms can also vary by plus or minus about20 joules per gram. For PXRD, the relative intensities of the peaks canvary, depending upon the sample preparation technique, the samplemounting procedure and the particular instrument employed. Moreover,instrument variation and other factors can often affect the 2θ values.Therefore, the peak assignments of diffraction patterns can vary by plusor minus about 0.2°. For TGA, the temperature features reported hereincan vary by plus or minus about 5° C. The TGA % weight changes reportedherein over a specified temperature range can vary by plus or minusabout 2% weight change due to, for example, variations in sample qualityand sample size. Further characterization with respect to hygroscopicityof the crystalline form can be gauged by, for example, dynamic moisturesorption (DMS). The DMS features reported herein can vary by plus orminus about 5% relative humidity. The DMS features reported herein canalso vary by plus or minus about 2% weight change.

A)(R)-2-(9-Chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid

One aspect of the present invention relates to the crystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid. The physical properties of the crystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid are summarized in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1 Analyt- Crystalline form of (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-ical (trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2- Methoda]indol-1-yl)acetic acid PXRD FIG. 1: Peaks of ≧20% relative intensityat: 7.6, 9.8, 15.1, 15.8, 16.6, 17.1, 18.0, 19.7, 21.1, 21.6, 22.6,23.1, 24.1, 24.3, and 25.2 in terms of °2θ. TGA FIG. 2: <0.2% weightloss up to about 100° C.; and <1.4% weight loss up to about 150° C. DSCFIG. 2: endotherm extrapolated onset temperature: 179° C. DMS FIG. 3:gains less than about 0.1% weight over the full range of % RH tested(10% RH to 90% RH) at 25° C.

The small weight loss observed in the TGA data suggests that thecrystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid is an anhydrous, non-solvated crystalline form. The DSC thermogramfurther reveals an endotherm with an onset at about 179° C.

The DMS data suggests that the crystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid is non-hygroscopic with adsorption of less than about 0.1% weightgain over the full range of % RH tested (10% RH to 90% RH) at 25° C. Themaximum weight gain of about 0.06% occurred during the adsorption phaseof the DMS cycle at about 70% RH.

Certain X-ray powder diffraction peaks for a representative crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid are shown in Table 2 below.

TABLE 2 Crystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluorometh-yl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic acid; PXRDPeaks with Relative Intensity of 20% or Higher (°2θ) Peak Position (°2θ)d-spacing [Å] Relative Intensity (%) 7.6 11.67 38.6 9.8 9.02 97.4 15.15.87 57.5 15.8 5.62 43.1 16.6 5.34 33.5 17.1 5.20 60.4 18.0 4.94 52.719.7 4.52 23.9 21.1 4.22 28.0 21.6 4.11 41.9 22.6 3.93 44.8 23.1 3.8533.0 24.1 3.70 100.0 24.3 3.67 60.9 25.2 3.54 27.4

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising a peak, interms of 2θ, at about 24.1°.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising a peak, interms of 2θ, at about 9.8°.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks, interms of 2θ, at about 9.8° and about 24.1°.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks, interms of 2θ, at about 7.6°, about 9.8°, about 15.1°, about 17.1°, and24.1°.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks, interms of 2θ, at about 7.6°, about 9.8°, about 15.1°, about 15.8°, about17.1°, about 18.0°, about 21.6°, about 22.6°, and about 24.1°.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks, interms of 2θ, at about 7.6°, about 9.8°, about 15.1°, about 15.8°, about16.6°, about 17.1°, about 18.0°, about 21.6°, about 22.6°, about 23.1°,about 24.1°, and about 25.2°.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks, interms of 2θ, at about 7.6°, about 9.8°, about 15.1°, about 15.8°, about16.6°, about 17.1°, about 18.0°, about 19.7°, about 21.1°, about 21.6°,about 22.6°, about 23.1°, about 24.1°, about 24.3°, and about 25.2°.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern substantially as shownin FIG. 1.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid having a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising anendotherm with an extrapolated onset temperature between about 174° C.and about 184° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid having a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising anendotherm with an extrapolated onset temperature between about 177° C.and about 181° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid having a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising anendotherm with an extrapolated onset temperature of about 179° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid having a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram substantiallyas shown in FIG. 2.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid having a thermogravimetric analysis profile showing less than about0.2% weight loss up to about 100° C.

In some embodiments, the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid having a thermogravimetric analysis profile showing less than about0.2% weight loss up to about 100° C. when scanned at 10° C. per minute

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid having a thermogravimetric analysis profile substantially as shownin FIG. 2.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid having:

-   -   1) an X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks, expressed in        terms of 2θ, at about 9.8° and about 24.1°; and    -   2) a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising an        endotherm with an extrapolated onset temperature between about        174° C. and about 184° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid having:

-   -   1) an X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks, expressed in        terms of 2θ, at about 7.6°, about 9.8°, about 15.1°, about        15.8°, about 17.1°, about 18.0°, about 21.6°, about 22.6°, and        about 24.1 °;    -   2) a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising an        endotherm with an extrapolated onset temperature between about        177° C. and about 181° C.; and    -   3) a thermogravimetric analysis profile showing less than about        0.2% weight loss up to about 100° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid having:

-   -   1) an X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks, expressed in        terms of 2θ, at about 7.6°, about 9.8°, about 15.1°, about        15.8°, about 16.6°, about 17.1°,    -   about 18.0°, about 19.7°, about 21.1°, about 21.6°, about 22.6°,        about 23.1°, about 24.1°, about 24.3°, and about 25.2 °;    -   2) a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising an        endotherm with an extrapolated onset temperature of about 179°        C.; and    -   3) a thermogravimetric analysis profile showing less than about        0.2% weight loss up to about 100° C.

B)(R)-2-(9-Chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt

One aspect of the present invention relates to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a crystal form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt. The physical properties of a representativecrystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt are summarized in Table 3 below.

TABLE 3 Analyt- Crystalline form of (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-ical (trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2- Methoda]indol-1-yl)acetic acid L-lysine salt PXRD FIG. 4: Peaks of ≧20%relative intensity at: 6.9, 11.4, 13.6, 13.7, 19.8, 20.6, 21.7, 22.1,and 22.9 in terms of °2θ. TGA FIG. 5: <0.1% weight loss up to about 110°C. DSC FIG. 5: a first endotherm extrapolated onset temperature: 215°C.; a second extrapolated onset temperature: 222° C. DMS FIG. 6: gainsless than about 2.2% weight at a 90% RH hold at 25° C.; gains less thanabout 0.25% weight after undergoing a dynamic moisture-sorptionadsorption cycle to about 90% RH followed by a desorption cycle back toabout 10% RH.

Certain X-ray powder diffraction peaks for a representative crystallineform of the(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt of the present invention are shown in Table 4 below.

TABLE 4 Crystalline form of (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic acid L-lysine salt; PXRD Peaks withRelative Intensity of 20% or Higher (°2θ) Peak Position (°2θ) d-spacing[Å] Relative Intensity (%) 6.9 12.90 94.6 11.4 7.76 100.0 13.6 6.52 43.413.7 6.47 47.0 19.8 4.48 21.1 20.6 4.32 28.7 21.7 4.09 30.9 22.1 4.0320.7 22.9 3.89 34.6

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprisingpeaks, in terms of 2θ, at about 11.4°.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprisingpeaks, in terms of 2θ, at about 6.9°.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprisingpeaks, in terms of 2θ, at about 6.9° and about 11.4°.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprisingpeaks, in terms of 2θ, at about 6.9°, about 11.4°, and about 22.9°.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprisingpeaks, in terms of 2θ, at about 6.9°, about 11.4°, about 13.7°, about21.7°, and about 22.9°.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprisingpeaks, in terms of 2θ, at about 6.9°, about 11.4°, about 13.6°, about13.7°, about 19.8°, about 21.7°, and about 22.9 °.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt having an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprisingpeaks, in terms of 2θ, at about 6.9°, about 11.4°, about 13.6°, about13.7°, about 19.8°, about 20.6°, about 21.7°, about 22.1°, and about22.9°.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt having an X-ray powder diffraction patternsubstantially as shown in FIG. 4.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt having a differential scanning calorimetry thermogramcomprising an endotherm with an extrapolated onset temperature betweenabout 210° C. and about 220° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt having a differential scanning calorimetry thermogramcomprising an endotherm with an extrapolated onset temperature betweenabout 213° C. and about 217° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt having a differential scanning calorimetry thermogramcomprising an endotherm with an extrapolated onset temperature of about215° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt having a differential scanning calorimetry thermogramcomprising an endotherm with an extrapolated onset temperature betweenabout 217° C. and about 227° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt having a differential scanning calorimetry thermogramcomprising an endotherm with an extrapolated onset temperature betweenabout 220° C. and about 224° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt having a differential scanning calorimetry thermogramcomprising an endotherm with an extrapolated onset temperature of about222° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt having a differential scanning calorimetry thermogramcomprising an endotherm with a first extrapolated onset temperaturebetween about 213° C. and about 217° C.; and a second extrapolated onsettemperature between about 220° C. and about 224° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt having a differential scanning calorimetry thermogramcomprising an endotherm with a first extrapolated onset temperature ofabout 215° C. and a second extrapolated onset temperature of about 222°C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt having a differential scanning calorimetry thermogramsubstantially as shown in FIG. 5.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt having a dynamic moisture-adsorption profilecomprising a weight gain of less than about 2.2% at a 90% RH hold at 25°C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt having a dynamic moisture-adsorption profilecomprising a weight gain of less than about 0.25% after undergoing anabsorption dynamic moisture-sorption cycle up to about 90% RH and adesorption cycle back to about 10% RH.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt having a dynamic moisture-sorption profilesubstantially as shown in FIG. 6.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt having a thermogravimetric analysis profile showingless than about 0.1% weight loss up to about 110° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt having a thermogravimetric analysis profilesubstantially as shown in FIG. 5.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt having:

-   -   1) an X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks, expressed in        terms of 2θ, at

about 6.9° and about 11.4°; and

-   -   2) a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising an        endotherm with an extrapolated onset temperature between about        210° C. and about 220° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt having:

-   -   1) an X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks, expressed in        terms of 2θ, at about 6.9° and about 11.4°; and/or    -   2) a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising an        endotherm with an extrapolated onset temperature between about        210° C. and about 220° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt having:

-   -   1) an X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks, expressed in        terms of 2θ, at about 6.9°, about 11.4°, about 13.7°, about        21.7°, and about 22.9 °;    -   2) a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising an        endotherm with an extrapolated onset temperature between about        213° C. and about 217° C.; and    -   3) a thermogravimetric analysis profile showing less than about        0.1% weight loss up to about 110° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt having:

-   -   1) an X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks, expressed in        terms of 2θ, at about 6.9°, about 11.4°, about 13.7°, about        21.7°, and about 22.9 °;    -   2) a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising an        endotherm with an extrapolated onset temperature between about        213° C. and about 217° C.; and/or    -   3) a thermogravimetric analysis profile showing less than about        0.1% weight loss up to about 110° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt having:

-   -   1) an X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks, expressed in        terms of 2θ, at about 6.9°, about 11.4°, about 13.6°, about        13.7°, about 19.8°, about 20.6°, about 21.7°, about 22.1°, and        about 22.9°;    -   2) a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising an        endotherm with a first extrapolated onset temperature between        about 213° C. and about 217° C.; and a second extrapolated onset        temperature between about 220° C. and about 224° C.; and    -   3) a thermogravimetric analysis profile showing less than about        0.1% weight loss up to about 110° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt having:

-   -   1) an X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks, expressed in        terms of 2θ, at about 6.9°, about 11.4°, about 13.6°, about        13.7°, about 19.8°, about 20.6°, about 21.7°, about 22.1°, and        about 22.9°;    -   2) a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising an        endotherm with a first extrapolated onset temperature between        about 213° C. and about 217° C.; and a second extrapolated onset        temperature between about 220° C. and about 224° C.; and/or    -   3) a thermogravimetric analysis profile showing less than about        0.1% weight loss up to about 110° C.

C)(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt hydrate

One aspect of the present invention relates to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt hydrate.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a crystal form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt hydrate. The physical properties of a representativecrystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt hydrate are summarized in Table 5 below.

TABLE 5 Analyt- Crystalline form of (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-ical (trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2- Methoda]indol-1-yl)acetic acid sodium salt hydrate PXRD FIG. 7: Peaks of ≧7%relative intensity at: 7.6, 10.1, 12.6, 17.6, 19.5, 22.7, 23.1 in termsof °2θ. TGA FIG. 8: 6.6% weight loss up to about 130° C. DSC FIG. 8:endotherm extrapolated onset temperature: 75° C.; endotherm peaktemperature: 90° C.; associated heat flow 150 J/g. DMS FIG. 9: gainsabout 2.5% weight at about 90% relative humidity from about 30% RH toabout 90% RH at 25° C.

The significant weight loss observed in the TGA data indicates that thecrystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt hydrate is a channel hydrate as shown by the loss ofweight at low temperatures. This particular channel hydrate holds about6.6% weight as water at humidities 30%-50% and 25° C. The DSC thermogramfurther reveals a dehydration endotherm with an onset temperature at 75°C. when scanned at 10° C. per minute.

Certain X-ray powder diffraction peaks for the crystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt hydrate of the present invention are shown in Table 6below.

TABLE 6 Crystalline form of (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyr-rolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic acid sodium salt hydrate; PXRD Peaks withRelative Intensity of 7% or Higher (°2θ) Peak Position (°2θ) d-spacing[Å] Relative Intensity (%) 7.6 11.68 16.5 10.1 8.78 16.6 12.6 7.03 100.017.6 5.03 18.4 19.5 4.55 10.2 22.7 3.92 17.4 23.1 3.85 7.7

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt hydrate having an X-ray powder diffraction patterncomprising a peak, in terms of 2θ, at about 12.6°.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt hydrate having an X-ray powder diffraction patterncomprising a peak, in terms of 2θ, at about 17.6°.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt hydrate having an X-ray powder diffraction patterncomprising peaks, in terms of 2θ, at about 12.6° and about 17.6°.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt hydrate having an X-ray powder diffraction patterncomprising peaks, in terms of 2θ, at about 12.6°, about 17.6°, and about22.7 °.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt hydrate having an X-ray powder diffraction patterncomprising peaks, in terms of 2θ, at about 7.6°, about 12.6°, about17.6°, and about 22.7°, and about 23.1 °.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt hydrate having an X-ray powder diffraction patterncomprising peaks, in terms of 2θ, at about 7.6°, about 10.1°, about12.6°, about 17.6°, about 19.5°, about 22.7°, and about 23.1 °.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt hydrate having an X-ray powder diffraction patternsubstantially as shown in FIG. 7.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt hydrate having a differential scanning calorimetrythermogram comprising an endotherm with an extrapolated onsettemperature between about 65° C. and about 85° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt hydrate having a differential scanning calorimetrythermogram comprising an endotherm with an extrapolated onsettemperature between about 70° C. and about 80° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt hydrate having a differential scanning calorimetrythermogram comprising an endotherm with an extrapolated onsettemperature of about 75° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt hydrate having a differential scanning calorimetrythermogram comprising an endotherm with a peak temperature between about85° C. and about 95° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt hydrate having a differential scanning calorimetrythermogram comprising an endotherm with a peak temperature at about 90°C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt hydrate having a differential scanning calorimetrythermogram comprising an endotherm with an associated heat flow of about150 joules per gram.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt hydrate having a differential scanning calorimetrythermogram substantially as shown in FIG. 8.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt hydrate having a dynamic moisture-sorption profilecomprising a weight gain of about 2.0% to about 3.0% weight above thenominal water of hydration at about 85% to about 92% RH.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt hydrate having a dynamic moisture-sorption profilecomprising a weight gain of about 2.4% to about 2.6% weight above thenominal water of hydration at about 89% to about 91% RH.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt hydrate having a dynamic moisture-sorption profilesubstantially as shown in FIG. 9.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt hydrate having a thermogravimetric analysis profilecomprising about 6.6% weight loss up to about 130° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt hydrate having a thermogravimetric analysis profilesubstantially as shown in FIG. 8.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt hydrate having:

-   -   1) an X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks, expressed in        terms of 2θ, at about 12.6° and about 17.6°; and    -   2) a thermogravimetric analysis profile comprising about 6.6%        weight loss up to about 130° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt hydrate having:

-   -   1) an X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks, expressed in        terms of 2θ, at about 7.6°, about 12.6°, about 17.6°, and about        22.7°, and about 23.1°; and    -   2) a thermogravimetric analysis profile comprising about 6.6%        weight loss up to about 130° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt hydrate having:

-   -   1) an X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks, expressed in        terms of 2θ, at about 7.6°, about 10.1°, about 12.6°, about        17.6°, about 19.5°, about 22.7°, and about 23.1°; and    -   2) a thermogravimetric analysis profile comprising about 6.6%        weight loss up to about 130° C.

D)(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate

One aspect of the present invention relates to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a crystal form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate. The physical properties of arepresentative crystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate are summarized in Table 7 below.

TABLE 7 Analyt- Crystalline form of (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-ical (trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2- Methoda]indol-1-yl)acetic acid ethylenediamine salt hydrate PXRD FIG. 10:Peaks of ≧14% relative intensity at: 7.5, 10.0, 12.4, 16.5, 17.4, 19.1,20.8, 21.1, 21.4, and 22.4 in terms of °2θ. TGA FIG. 11: about 2.2%weight loss up to about 120° C. DSC FIG. 11: an endotherm extrapolatedonset temperature at 152° C. DMS FIG. 12: gains less than about 3.2%weight at a 90% RH hold at 25° C.; gains less than about 1.5% weightafter undergoing an adsorption cycle up to about 90% RH and a desorptioncycle back to about 10% RH.

Weight loss was observed in the TGA data for the crystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate. The TGA data indicates a channelhydrate as shown by the loss of weight at low temperatures. Thisparticular channel hydrate holds about 2.2% weight as water.

The DSC thermogram further reveals an endotherm with an onsettemperature at 152° C.

Certain X-ray powder diffraction peaks for a representative crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate of the present invention are shown inTable 8 below.

TABLE 8 Crystalline form of (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic acid ethylenediamine salt hydrate; PXRD Peaks withRelative Intensity of 14% or Higher (°2θ) Peak Position (°2θ) d-spacing[Å] Relative Intensity (%) 7.5 11.81 14.4 10.0 8.88 79.6 12.4 7.12 100.016.5 5.37 35.8 17.4 5.09 49.9 19.1 4.64 15.4 20.8 4.27 16.6 21.1 4.1916.3 21.4 4.16 14.3 22.4 3.96 25.7

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate having an X-ray powder diffractionpattern comprising a peak, in terms of 2θ, at about 12.4°.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate having an X-ray powder diffractionpattern comprising a peak, in terms of 2θ, at about 10.0°.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate having an X-ray powder diffractionpattern comprising peaks, in terms of 2θ, at about 10.0° and about12.4°.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate having an X-ray powder diffractionpattern comprising peaks, in terms of 2θ, at about 10.0°, about 12.4°and about 17.4 °.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate having an X-ray powder diffractionpattern comprising peaks, in terms of 2θ, at about 10.0°, about 12.4°,about 16.5°, and about 17.4°.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate having an X-ray powder diffractionpattern comprising peaks, in terms of 2θ, at about 10.0°, about 12.4°,about 16.5°, about 17.4°, about 19.1°, and about 22.4 °.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate having an X-ray powder diffractionpattern comprising peaks, in terms of 2θ, at about 7.5°, about 10.0°,about 12.4°, about 16.5°, about 17.4°, about 19.1°, about 20.8°, about21.1°, about 21.4°, and about 22.4 °.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate having an X-ray powder diffractionpattern substantially as shown in FIG. 10.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate having a differential scanningcalorimetry thermogram comprising an endotherm with an extrapolatedonset temperature between about 147° C. and about 157° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate having a differential scanningcalorimetry thermogram comprising an endotherm with an extrapolatedonset temperature between about 150° C. and about 154° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate having a differential scanningcalorimetry thermogram comprising an endotherm with an extrapolatedonset temperature of about 152° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate having a differential scanningcalorimetry thermogram substantially as shown in FIG. 11.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate wherein said compound gains less thanabout 3.2% weight after undergoing a dynamic moisture-adsorption cycleup to and held at about 90% RH.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate wherein said compound gains less thanabout 1.5% weight after undergoing a dynamic moisture-sorption cyclefrom about 1% RH to about 90% RH and back to about 10% RH.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate having a dynamic moisture-sorptionprofile substantially as shown in FIG. 12.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate having a thermogravimetric analysisprofile comprising about 2.2% weight loss up to about 120° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate having a thermogravimetric analysisprofile substantially as shown in FIG. 11.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate having:

-   -   1) an X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks, expressed in        terms of 2θ, at about 10.0° and about 12.4°; and    -   2) a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising an        endotherm with an extrapolated onset temperature between about        147° C. and about 157° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate having:

-   -   1) an X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks, expressed in        terms of 2θ, at about 10.0°, about 12.4°, about 16.5°, about        17.4°, about 19.1°, and about 22.4°; and    -   2) a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising an        endotherm with an extrapolated onset temperature between about        150° C. and about 154° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate having:

-   -   1) an X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks, expressed in        terms of 2θ, at about 7.5°, about 10.0°, about 12.4°, about        16.5°, about 17.4°, about 19.1°, about 20.8°, about 21.1°, about        21.4°, and about 22.4 °;    -   2) a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising an        endotherm with an extrapolated onset temperature of about 152°        C.; and    -   3) a thermogravimetric analysis profile comprising about 2.2%        weight loss up to about 120° C.

E)(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt

One aspect of the present invention relates to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt. It isunderstood that TRIS refers to 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol.

Another aspect of the present invention relates to a crystal form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt. The physicalproperties of a representative crystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt are summarizedin Table 9 below.

TABLE 9 Crystalline form of (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3- Analyt-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2- icala]indol-1-yl)acetic acid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3- Methoddiol (TRIS) salt PXRD FIG. 13: Peaks of ≧15% relative intensity at: 7.0,9.3, 11.5, 13.8, 18.4, and 23.1 in terms of °2θ. TGA FIG. 14: <0.1%weight loss up to about 110° C. DSC FIG. 14: an extrapolated onsettemperature: 140° C.; endotherm peak temperature: 142° C. (maximum);associated heat flow 97 J/g.

The insignificant weight loss observed in the TGA data suggests that thecrystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt is ananhydrous, non-solvated crystalline form. The DSC thermogram furtherreveals a melting endotherm with an onset temperature at 140° C.

Certain X-ray powder diffraction peaks for the crystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt of the presentinvention are shown in Table 10 below.

TABLE 10 Crystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluorometh-yl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic acid2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt; PXRD Peaks withRelative Intensity of 15% or Higher (°2θ) Peak Position (°2θ) d-spacing[Å] Relative Intensity (%) 7.0 12.68 15.4 9.3 9.56 19.7 11.5 7.66 100.013.8 6.40 67.8 18.4 4.81 54.8 23.1 3.85 30.4

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt having anX-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising a peak, in terms of 2θ, atabout 11.5°.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt having anX-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising a peak, in terms of 2θ, atabout 13.8°.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt having anX-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks, in terms of 2θ, atabout 11.5° and about 13.8°.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt having anX-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks, in terms of 2θ, atabout 11.5°, about 13.8°, and about 18.4°.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt having anX-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks, in terms of 2θ, atabout 9.3°, about 11.5°, about 13.8°, about 18.4°, and about 23.1 °.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt having anX-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising peaks, in terms of 2θ, atabout 7.0°, about 9.3°, about 11.5°, about 13.8°, about 18.4°, and about23.1 °.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt having anX-ray powder diffraction pattern substantially as shown in FIG. 13.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt having adifferential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising an endothermwith an extrapolated onset temperature between about 135° C. and about145° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt having adifferential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising an endothermwith an extrapolated onset temperature between about 138° C. and about142° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt having adifferential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising an endothermwith an extrapolated onset temperature of about 140° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt having adifferential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising an endothermwith a peak temperature between about 140° C. and about 144° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt having adifferential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising an endothermwith a peak temperature at about 142° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt having adifferential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising an endothermwith an associated heat flow of about 97 joules per gram.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt having adifferential scanning calorimetry thermogram substantially as shown inFIG. 14.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt having athermogravimetric analysis profile showing less than about 0.1% weightloss up to about 110° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt having athermogravimetric analysis profile substantially as shown in FIG. 14.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt having:

-   -   1) an X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks, expressed in        terms of 2θ, at about 11.5° and about 13.8°; and    -   2) a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising an        endotherm with an extrapolated onset temperature between about        135° C. and about 145° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt having:

-   -   1) an X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks, expressed in        terms of 2θ, at about 11.5°, about 13.8°, and about 18.4 °;    -   2) a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising an        endotherm with an extrapolated onset temperature between about        138° C., and about 142° C., and a peak temperature between about        140° C. and about 144° C.; and    -   2) a thermogravimetric analysis profile showing less than about        0.1% weight loss up to about 110° C.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to a crystallineform of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt having:

-   -   1) an X-ray diffraction pattern comprising peaks, expressed in        terms of 2θ, at about 7.0°, about 9.3°, about 11.5°, about        13.8°, about 18.4°, and about 23.1°;    -   2) a differential scanning calorimetry thermogram comprising an        endotherm with an extrapolated onset temperature of about 140°        C., and a peak temperature at about 142° C.; and    -   3) a thermogravimetric analysis profile showing less than about        0.1% weight loss up to about 110° C.

F)(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt

One aspect of the present invention relates to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt.

G)(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-arginine salt

One aspect of the present invention relates to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-arginine salt.

H)(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid zinc salt

One aspect of the present invention relates to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid zinc salt.

I)(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid calcium salt

One aspect of the present invention relates to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid calcium salt.

J)(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid N-methylglucamine salt

One aspect of the present invention relates to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid N-methylglucamine salt.

K)(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid potassium salt

One aspect of the present invention relates to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid potassium salt.

K)(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid magnesium salt

One aspect of the present invention relates to(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid magnesium salt.

Indications and Methods of Prophylaxis and/or Treatment

The present application is in part focused on addressing an unmet needfor immunosuppressive agents such as may be orally available which havetherapeutic efficacy for at least autoimmune diseases and disorders,inflammatory diseases and disorders (e.g., acute and chronicinflammatory conditions), transplant rejection, cancer, and/orconditions that have an underlying defect in vascular integrity or thatare associated with angiogenesis such as may be pathologic (e.g., as mayoccur in inflammation, tumor development, and atherosclerosis) withfewer side effects such as the impairment of immune responses tosystemic infection.

The sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors 1-5 constitute a family of Gprotein-coupled receptors with a seven-transmembrane domain. Thesereceptors, referred to as S1P1 to S1P5 (formerly termed endothelialdifferentiation gene (EDG) receptor-1, -5, -3, -6, and -8, respectively;Chun et al., Pharmacological Reviews, 54:265-269, 2002), are activatedvia binding by sphingosine-1-phosphate, which is produced by thesphingosine kinase-catalyzed phosphorylation of sphingosine. S1P1, S1P4,and S1P5 receptors activate Gi but not Gq, whereas S1P2 and S1P3receptors activate both Gi and Gq. The S1P3 receptor, but not the S1P1receptor, responds to an agonist with an increase in intracellularcalcium.

S1P receptor agonists having agonist activity on the S1P1 receptor havebeen shown to rapidly and reversibly induce lymphopenia (also referredto as peripheral lymphocyte lowering (PLL); Hale et al., Bioorg. Med.Chem. Lett., 14:3351-3355, 2004). This is attended by clinically usefulimmunosuppression by virtue of sequestering T- and B-cells in secondarylymphoid tissue (lymph nodes and Peyer's patches) and thus apart fromsites of inflammation and organ grafts (Rosen et al., Immunol. Rev.,195:160-177, 2003; Schwab et al., Nature Immunol., 8:1295-1301, 2007).This lymphocyte sequestration, for example in lymph nodes, is thought tobe a consequence of concurrent agonist-driven functional antagonism ofthe S1P1 receptor on T-cells (whereby the ability of S1P to mobilizeT-cell egress from lymph nodes is reduced) and persistent agonism of theS1P1 receptor on lymph node endothelium (such that barrier functionopposing transmigration of lymphocytes is increased) (Matloubian et al.,Nature, 427:355-360, 2004; Baumruker et al., Expert Opin. Investig.Drugs, 16:283-289, 2007). It has been reported that agonism of the S1P1receptor alone is sufficient to achieve lymphocyte sequestration (Sannaet al., J Biol Chem., 279:13839-13848, 2004) and that this occurswithout impairment of immune responses to systemic infection (Brinkmannet al., Transplantation, 72:764-769, 2001; Brinkmann et al., TransplantProc., 33:530-531, 2001).

That agonism of endothelial S1P1 receptors has a broader role inpromoting vascular integrity is supported by work implicating the S1P1receptor in capillary integrity in mouse skin and lung (Sanna et al.,Nat Chem Biol., 2:434-441, 2006). Vascular integrity can be compromisedby inflammatory processes, for example as may derive from sepsis, majortrauma and surgery so as to lead to acute lung injury or respiratorydistress syndrome (Johan Groeneveld, Vascul. Pharmacol., 39:247-256,2003).

An exemplary S1P receptor agonist having agonist activity on the S1P1receptor is FTY720 (fingolimod), an immunosuppressive agent currently inclinical trials (Martini et al., Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs,16:505-518, 2007). FTY720 acts as a prodrug which is phosphorylated invivo; the phosphorylated derivative is an agonist for S1P1, S1P3, S1P4,and S1P5 receptors (but not the S1P2 receptor) (Chiba, Pharmacology &Therapeutics, 108:308-319, 2005). FTY720 has been shown to rapidly andreversibly induce lymphopenia (also referred to as peripheral lymphocytelowering (PLL); Hale et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 14:3351-3355,2004). This is attended by clinically useful immunosuppression by virtueof sequestering T- and B-cells in secondary lymphoid tissue (lymph nodesand Peyer's patches) and thus apart from sites of inflammation and organgrafts (Rosen et al., Immunol. Rev., 195:160-177, 2003; Schwab et al.,Nature Immunol., 8:1295-1301, 2007).

In clinical trials, FTY720 elicited an adverse event (i.e., transientasymptomatic bradycardia) due to its agonism of the S1P3 receptor (Buddeet al., J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., 13:1073-1083, 2002; Sanna et al., J. Biol.Chem., 279:13839-13848, 2004; Ogawa et al., BBRC, 361:621-628, 2007).

FTY720 has been reported to have therapeutic efficacy in at least: a ratmodel for autoimmune myocarditis and a mouse model for acute viralmyocarditis (Kiyabayashi et al., J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 35:410-416,2000; Miyamoto et al., J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 37:1713-1718, 2001); mousemodels for inflammatory bowel disease including colitis (Mizushima etal., Inflamm. Bowel Dis., 10:182-192, 2004; Deguchi et al., OncologyReports, 16:699-703, 2006; Fujii et al., Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest.Liver Physiol., 291:G267-G274, 2006; Daniel et al., J. Immunol.,178:2458-2468, 2007); a rat model for progressive mesangioproliferativeglomerulonephritis (Martini et al., Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol.,292:F1761-F1770, 2007); a mouse model for asthma, suggested to beprimarily through the S1P1 receptor on the basis of work using the S1P1receptor agonist SEW2871 (Idzko et al, J. Clin. Invest., 116:2935-2944,2006); a mouse model for airway inflammation and induction of bronchialhyperresponsiveness (Sawicka et al., J. Immunol., 171; 6206-6214, 2003);a mouse model for atopic dermatitis (Kohno et al., Biol. Pharm. Bull.,27:1392-1396, 2004); a mouse model for ischemia-reperfusion injury(Kaudel et al., Transplant. Proc, 39:499-502, 2007); a mouse model forsystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (Okazaki et al., J. Rheumatol.,29:707-716, 2002; Herzinger et al, Am. J. Clin. Dermatol., 8:329-336,2007); rat models for rheumatoid arthritis (Matsuura et al., Int. J.Immunopharmacol., 22:323-331, 2000; Matsuura et al., Inflamm. Res.,49:404-410, 2000); a rat model for autoimmune uveitis (Kurose et al.,Exp. Eye Res., 70:7-15, 2000); mouse models for type I diabetes (Fu etal, Transplantation, 73:1425-1430, 2002; Maki et al., Transplantation,74:1684-1686, 2002; Yang et al., Clinical Immunology, 107:30-35, 2003;Maki et al., Transplantation, 79:1051-1055, 2005); mouse models foratherosclerosis (Nofer et al., Circulation, 115:501-508, 2007; Keul etal., Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 27:607-613, 2007); a rat modelfor brain inflammatory reaction following traumatic brain injury (TBI)(Zhang et al., J. Cell. Mol. Med., 11:307-314, 2007); and mouse modelsfor graft coronary artery disease and graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)(Hwang et al., Circulation, 100:1322-1329, 1999; Taylor et al., Blood,110:3480-3488, 2007). In vitro results suggest that FTY720 may havetherapeutic efficacy for β-amyloid-related inflammatory diseasesincluding Alzheimer's disease (Kaneider et al., FASEB J., 18:309-311,2004). KRP-203, an S1P receptor agonist having agonist activity on theS1P1 receptor, has been reported to have therapeutic efficacy in a ratmodel for autoimmune myocarditis (Ogawa et al., BBRC, 361:621-628,2007). Using the S1P1 receptor agonist SEW2871, it has been shown thatagonism of endothelial S1P1 receptors prevents proinflammatorymonocyte/endothelial interactions in type I diabetic vascularendothelium (Whetzel et al., Circ. Res., 99:731-739, 2006) and protectsthe vasculature against TNFα-mediated monocyte/endothelial interactions(Bolick et al., Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 25:976-981, 2005).

Additionally, FTY720 has been reported to have therapeutic efficacy inexperimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rats and mice, amodel for human multiple sclerosis (Brinkmann et al., J. Biol. Chem.,277:21453-21457, 2002; Fujino et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,305:70-77, 2003; Webb et al., J. Neuroimmunol., 153:108-121, 2004;Rausch et al., J. Magn. Reson. Imaging, 20:16-24, 2004; Kataoka et al.,Cellular & Molecular Immunology, 2:439-448, 2005; Brinkmann et al.,Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 115:84-105, 2007; Baumruker et al., ExpertOpin. Investig. Drugs, 16:283-289, 2007; Balatoni et al., Brain ResearchBulletin, 74:307-316, 2007). Furthermore, FTY720 has been found to havetherapeutic efficacy for multiple sclerosis in clinical trials. In PhaseII clinical trials for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, FTY720was found to reduce the number of lesions detected by magnetic resonanceimaging (MRI) and clinical disease activity in patients with multiplesclerosis (Kappos et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 355:1124-1140, 2006; Martiniet al., Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs, 16:505-518, 2007; Zhang et al.,Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 7:845-850, 2007; Brinkmann,Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 115:84-105, 2007). FTY720 is currently inPhase III studies of remitting-relapsing multiple sclerosis (Brinkmann,Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 115:84-105, 2007; Baumruker et al., Expert.Opin. Investig. Drugs, 16:283-289, 2007; Dev et al., Pharmacology andTherapeutics, 117:77-93, 2008).

Recently, FTY720 has been reported to have anti-viral activity. Specificdata has been presented in the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)mouse model, wherein the mice were infected with either the Armstrong orthe clone 13 strain of LCMV (Premenko-Lanier et al., Nature, 454, 894,2008).

FTY720 has been reported to impair migration of dendritic cells infectedwith Francisella tularensis to the mediastinal lymph node, therebyreducing the bacterial colonization of it. Francisella tularensis isassociated with tularemia, ulceroglandular infection, respiratoryinfection and a typhoidal disease (E. Bar-Haim et al, PLoS Pathogens,4(11): e1000211. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000211, 2008).

It has also been recently reported that a short-term high dose of FTY720rapidly reduced ocular infiltrates in experimental autoimmuneuveoretinitis. When given in the early stages of ocular inflammation,FTY720 rapidly prevented retinal damage. It was reported to not onlyprevent infiltration of target organs, but also reduce existinginfiltration (Raveney et al., Arch. Ophthalmol. 126(10), 1390, 2008).

It has been reported that treatment with FTY720 relievedovariectomy-induced osteoporosis in mice by reducing the number ofmature osteoclasts attached to the bone surface. The data providedevidence that S1P controlled the migratory behaviour of osteoclastprecursors, dynamically regulating bone mineral homeostasis (Ishii etal., Nature, 458(7237), 524-528, 2009).

Agonism of the S1P1 receptor has been implicated in enhancement ofsurvival of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Survival ofoligodendrocyte progenitor cells is a required component of theremyelination process. Remyelination of multiple sclerosis lesions isconsidered to promote recovery from clinical relapses. (Miron et al.,Ann. Neurol., 63:61-71, 2008; Coelho et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.,323:626-635, 2007; Dev et al., Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 117:77-93,2008). It also has been shown that the S1P1 receptor plays a role inplatelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced oligodendrocyte progenitorcell mitogenesis (Jung et al., Glia, 55:1656-1667, 2007).

Agonism of the S1P1 receptor has also been reported to mediate migrationof neural stem cells toward injured areas of the central nervous system(CNS), including in a rat model of spinal cord injury (Kimura et al.,Stem Cells, 25:115-124, 2007).

Agonism of the S1P1 receptor has been implicated in the inhibition ofkeratinocyte proliferation (Sauer et al., J. Biol. Chem.,279:38471-38479, 2004), consistent with reports that S1P inhibitskeratinocyte proliferation (Kim et al., Cell Signal, 16:89-95, 2004).The hyperproliferation of keratinocytes at the entrance to the hairfollicle, which can then become blocked, and an associated inflammationare significant pathogenetic factors of acne (Koreck et al.,Dermatology, 206:96-105, 2003; Webster, Cutis, 76:4-7, 2005).

FTY720 has been reported to have therapeutic efficacy in inhibitingpathologic angiogenesis, such as that as may occur in tumor development.Inhibition of angiogenesis by FTY720 is thought to involve agonism ofthe S1P1 receptor (Oo et al., J. Biol. Chem., 282; 9082-9089, 2007;Schmid et al., J. Cell Biochem., 101:259-270, 2007). FTY720 has beenreported to have therapeutic efficacy for inhibiting primary andmetastatic tumor growth in a mouse model of melanoma (LaMontagne et al.,Cancer Res., 66:221-231, 2006). FTY720 has been reported to havetherapeutic efficacy in a mouse model for metastatic hepatocellularcarcinoma (Lee et al., Clin. Cancer Res., 11:84588466, 2005).

It has been reported that oral administration of FTY720 to mice potentlyblocked VEGF-induced vascular permeability, an important processassociated with angiogenesis, inflammation, and pathological conditionssuch as sepsis, hypoxia, and solid tumor growth (T Sanchez et al, J.Biol. Chem., 278(47), 47281-47290, 2003).

Cyclosporin A and FK506 (calcineurin inhibitors) are drugs used toprevent rejection of transplanted organs. Although they are effective indelaying or suppressing transplant rejection, classicalimmunosuppressants such as cyclosporin A and FK506 are known to causeseveral undesirable side effects including nephrotoxicity,neurotoxicity, β-cell toxicity and gastrointestinal discomfort. There isan unmet need in organ transplantation for an immunosuppressant withoutthese side effects which is effective as a monotherapy or in combinationwith a classical immunosuppressant for inhibiting migration of, e.g.,alloantigen-reactive T-cells to the grafted tissue, thereby prolonginggraft survival.

FTY720 has been shown to have therapeutic efficacy in transplantrejection both as a monotherapy and in synergistic combination with aclassical immunosuppressant, including cyclosporin A, FK506 and RAD (anmTOR inhibitor). It has been shown that, unlike the classicalimmunosuppressants cyclosporin A, FK506 and RAD, FTY720 has efficacy forprolonging graft survival without inducing general immunosuppression,and this difference in drug action is believed to be relevant to thesynergism observed for the combination (Brinkmann et al., TransplantProc., 33:530-531, 2001; Brinkmann et al., Transplantation, 72:764-769,2001).

Agonism of the S1P1 receptor has been reported to have therapeuticefficacy for prolonging allograft survival in mouse and rat skinallograft models (Lima et al., Transplant Proc., 36:1015-1017, 2004; Yanet al., Bioorg. & Med. Chem. Lett., 16:3679-3683, 2006). FTY720 has beenreported to have therapeutic efficacy for prolonging allograft survivalin a rat cardiac allograft model (Suzuki et al., Transpl. Immunol.,4:252-255, 1996). FTY720 has been reported to act synergistically withcyclosporin A to prolong rat skin allograft survival (Yanagawa et al.,J. Immunol., 160:5493-5499, 1998), to act synergistically withcyclosporin A and with FK506 to prolong rat cardiac allograft survival,and to act synergistically with cyclosporin A to prolong canine renalallograft survival and monkey renal allograft survival (Chiba et al.,Cell Mol. Biol., 3:11-19, 2006). KRP-203, an S1P receptor agonist hasbeen reported to have therapeutic efficacy for prolonging allograftsurvival in a rat skin allograft model and both as monotherapy and insynergistic combination with cyclosporin A in a rat cardiac allograftmodel (Shimizu et al., Circulation, 111:222-229, 2005). KRP-203 also hasbeen reported to have therapeutic efficacy in combination withmycophenolate mofetil (MMF; a prodrug for which the active metabolite ismycophenolic acid, an inhibitor of purine biosynthesis) for prolongingallograft survival both in a rat renal allograft model and in a ratcardiac allograft model (Suzuki et al., J. Heart Lung Transplant,25:302-209, 2006; Fujishiro et al., J. Heart Lung Transplant,25:825-833, 2006). It has been reported that an agonist of the S1P1receptor, AUY954, in combination with a subtherapeutic dose of RAD001(Certican/Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor) can prolong rat cardiacallograft survival (Pan et al., Chemistry & Biology, 13:1227-1234,2006). In a rat small bowel allograft model, FTY720 has been reported toact synergistically with cyclosporin A to prolong small bowel allograftsurvival (Sakagawa et al., Transpl. Immunol., 13:161-168, 2004). FTY720has been reported to have therapeutic efficacy in a mouse islet graftmodel (Fu et al., Transplantation, 73:1425-1430, 2002; Liu et al.,Microsurgery, 27:300-304; 2007) and in a study using human islet cellsto evidence no detrimental effects on human islet function (Truong etal., American Journal of Transplantation, 7:2031-2038, 2007).

FTY720 has been reported to reduce the nociceptive behavior in thespared nerve injury model for neuropathic pain which does not depend onprostaglandin synthesis (O. Costu et al, Journal of Cellular andMolecular Medicine 12(3), 995-1004, 2008).

FTY720 has been reported to impair initiation of murine contacthypersensitivity (CHS). Adoptive transfer of immunized lymph node cellsfrom mice treated with FTY720 during the sensitization phase wasvirtually incapable of inducing CHS response in recipients (D. Nakashimaet al., J. Investigative Dermatology (128(12), 2833-2841, 2008).

It has been reported that prophylactic oral administration of FTY720 (1mg/kg, three times a week), completely prevented the development ofexperimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) in C57BL/6 mice (T.Kohono et al, Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 28(4), 736-739,2005).

In one embodiment, the present invention encompasses compounds which areagonists of the S1P1 receptor having selectivity over the S1P3 receptor.The S1P3 receptor, and not the S1P1 receptor, has been directlyimplicated in bradycardia (Sanna et al., J. Biol. Chem.,279:13839-13848, 2004). An S1P1 receptor agonist selective over at leastthe S1P3 receptor has advantages over current therapies by virtue of anenhanced therapeutic window, allowing better tolerability with higherdosing and thus improving efficacy as therapy. The present inventionencompasses compounds which are agonists of the S1P1 receptor and whichexhibit no or substantially no activity for bradycardia.

In one embodiment, compounds of the present invention can be used in thetreatment of chronic heart failure, congestive heart failure, arrhythmiaor tachyarrhythmia, unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction orcomplications from cardiac surgery or for improving heart energyefficiency or cardiac output.

S1P1 receptor agonists are useful to treat or prevent conditions wheresuppression of the immune system or agonism of the S1P1 receptor is inorder, such as diseases and disorders mediated by lymphocytes,transplant rejection, autoimmune diseases and disorders, inflammatorydiseases and disorders, and conditions that have an underlying defect invascular integrity or that relate to angiogenesis such as may bepathologic.

In one embodiment, the present invention encompasses compounds which areagonists of the S1P1 receptor having good overall physical propertiesand biological activities and having an effectiveness that issubstantially at least that of prior compounds with activity at the S1P1receptor.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to methods for treatingan S1P1 receptor-associated disorder in an individual comprisingadministering to said individual in need thereof a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a salt, a crystalline form, or a pharmaceuticalcomposition as described herein.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to methods for treatingpsoriasis in an individual comprising administering to said individualin need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a salt, acrystalline form, or a pharmaceutical composition as described herein.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to methods for treatingrheumatoid arthritis in an individual comprising administering to saidindividual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a salt,a crystalline form, or a pharmaceutical composition as described herein.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to methods for treatingCrohn's disease in an individual comprising administering to saidindividual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a salt,a crystalline form, or a pharmaceutical composition as described herein.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to methods for treatingtransplant rejection in an individual comprising administering to saidindividual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a salt,a crystalline form, or a pharmaceutical composition as described herein.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to methods for treatingmultiple sclerosis in an individual comprising administering to saidindividual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a salt,a crystalline form, or a pharmaceutical composition as described herein.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to methods for treatingsystemic lupus erythematosus in an individual comprising administeringto said individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount ofa salt, a crystalline form, or a pharmaceutical composition as describedherein.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to methods for treatingulcerative colitis in an individual comprising administering to saidindividual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a salt,a crystalline form, or a pharmaceutical composition as described herein.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to methods for treatingtype I diabetes in an individual comprising administering to saidindividual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a salt,a crystalline form, or a pharmaceutical composition as described herein.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to methods for treatingacne in an individual comprising administering to said individual inneed thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a salt, a crystallineform, or a pharmaceutical composition as described herein.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to methods for treatingmyocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in an individual comprisingadministering to said individual in need thereof a therapeuticallyeffective amount of a salt, a crystalline form, or a pharmaceuticalcomposition as described herein.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to methods for treatinghypertensive nephropathy in an individual comprising administering tosaid individual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of asalt, a crystalline form, or a pharmaceutical composition as describedherein.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to methods for treatingglomerulosclerosis in an individual comprising administering to saidindividual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a salt,a crystalline form, or a pharmaceutical composition as described herein.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to methods for treatinggastritis in an individual comprising administering to said individualin need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a salt, acrystalline form, or a pharmaceutical composition as described herein.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to methods for treatingpolymyositis in an individual comprising administering to saidindividual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a salt,a crystalline form, or a pharmaceutical composition as described herein.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to methods for treatingthyroiditis in an individual comprising administering to said individualin need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a salt, acrystalline form, or a pharmaceutical composition as described herein.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to methods for treatingvitiligo in an individual comprising administering to said individual inneed thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a salt, a crystallineform, or a pharmaceutical composition as described herein.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to methods for treatinghepatitis in an individual comprising administering to said individualin need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a salt, acrystalline form, or a pharmaceutical composition as described herein.

One aspect of the present invention is directed to methods for treatingbiliary cirrhosis in an individual comprising administering to saidindividual in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a salt,a crystalline form, or a pharmaceutical composition as described herein.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a salt or acrystalline form, as described herein, in the manufacture of amedicament for the treatment of psoriasis.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a salt or acrystalline form, as described herein, in the manufacture of amedicament for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a salt or acrystalline form, as described herein, in the manufacture of amedicament for the treatment of Crohn's disease.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a salt or acrystalline form, as described herein, in the manufacture of amedicament for the treatment of transplant rejection.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a salt or acrystalline form, as described herein, in the manufacture of amedicament for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a salt or acrystalline form, as described herein, in the manufacture of amedicament for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a salt or acrystalline form, as described herein, in the manufacture of amedicament for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a salt or acrystalline form, as described herein, in the manufacture of amedicament for the treatment of type I diabetes.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a salt or acrystalline form, as described herein, in the manufacture of amedicament for the treatment of acne.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a salt or acrystalline form, as described herein, in the manufacture of amedicament for the treatment of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a salt or acrystalline form, as described herein, in the manufacture of amedicament for the treatment of hypertensive nephropathy.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a salt or acrystalline form, as described herein, in the manufacture of amedicament for the treatment of glomerulosclerosis.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a salt or acrystalline form, as described herein, in the manufacture of amedicament for the treatment of gastritis.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a salt or acrystalline form, as described herein, in the manufacture of amedicament for the treatment of polymyositis.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a salt or acrystalline form, as described herein, in the manufacture of amedicament for the treatment of thyroiditis.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a salt or acrystalline form, as described herein, in the manufacture of amedicament for the treatment of vitiligo.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a salt or acrystalline form, as described herein, in the manufacture of amedicament for the treatment of hepatitis.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to the use of a salt or acrystalline form, as described herein, in the manufacture of amedicament for the treatment of biliary cirrhosis.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a salt, a crystallineform, or a pharmaceutical composition, as described herein, for use in amethod for the treatment of the human or animal body by therapy.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a salt, a crystallineform, or a pharmaceutical composition, as described herein, for use in amethod for the treatment of psoriasis.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a salt, a crystallineform, or a pharmaceutical composition, as described herein, for use in amethod for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a salt, a crystallineform, or a pharmaceutical composition, as described herein, for use in amethod for the treatment of Crohn's disease.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a salt, a crystallineform, or a pharmaceutical composition, as described herein, for use in amethod for the treatment of transplant rejection.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a salt, a crystallineform, or a pharmaceutical composition, as described herein, for use in amethod for the treatment of multiple sclerosis.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a salt, a crystallineform, or a pharmaceutical composition, as described herein, for use in amethod for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a salt, a crystallineform, or a pharmaceutical composition, as described herein, for use in amethod for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a salt, a crystallineform, or a pharmaceutical composition, as described herein, for use in amethod for the treatment of type I diabetes.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a salt, a crystallineform, or a pharmaceutical composition, as described herein, for use in amethod for the treatment of acne.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a salt, a crystallineform, or a pharmaceutical composition, as described herein, for use in amethod for the treatment of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a salt, a crystallineform, or a pharmaceutical composition, as described herein, for use in amethod for the treatment of hypertensive nephropathy.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a salt, a crystallineform, or a pharmaceutical composition, as described herein, for use in amethod for the treatment of glomerulosclerosis.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a salt, a crystallineform, or a pharmaceutical composition, as described herein, for use in amethod for the treatment of gastritis.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a salt, a crystallineform, or a pharmaceutical composition, as described herein, for use in amethod for the treatment of polymyositis.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a salt, a crystallineform, or a pharmaceutical composition, as described herein, for use in amethod for the treatment of thyroiditis.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a salt, a crystallineform, or a pharmaceutical composition, as described herein, for use in amethod for the treatment of vitiligo.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a salt, a crystallineform, or a pharmaceutical composition, as described herein, for use in amethod for the treatment of hepatitis.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a salt, a crystallineform, or a pharmaceutical composition, as described herein, for use in amethod for the treatment of biliary cirrhosis.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

A further aspect of the present invention pertains to pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising one or more compounds as described herein andone or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. The embodimentspertain to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of thepresent invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The embodiments of the present invention include a method of producing apharmaceutical composition comprising admixing at least one compoundaccording to any of the compound embodiments disclosed herein and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Formulations may be prepared by any suitable method, typically byuniformly mixing the active compound(s) with liquids or finely dividedsolid carriers, or both, in the required proportions and then, ifnecessary, forming the resulting mixture into a desired shape.

Conventional excipients, such as binding agents, fillers, acceptablewetting agents, tabletting lubricants and disintegrants may be used intablets and capsules for oral administration. Liquid preparations fororal administration may be in the form of solutions, emulsions, aqueousor oily suspensions and syrups. Alternatively, the oral preparations maybe in the form of dry powder that can be reconstituted with water oranother suitable liquid vehicle before use. Additional additives such assuspending or emulsifying agents, non-aqueous vehicles (including edibleoils), preservatives and flavorings and colorants may be added to theliquid preparations. Parenteral dosage forms may be prepared bydissolving the compound of the invention in a suitable liquid vehicleand filter sterilizing the solution before filling and sealing anappropriate vial or ampule. These are just a few examples of the manyappropriate methods well known in the art for preparing dosage forms.

A compound of the present invention can be formulated intopharmaceutical compositions using techniques well known to those in theart. Suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, outside thosementioned herein, are known in the art; for example, see Remington, TheScience and Practice of Pharmacy, 20^(th) Edition, 2000, LippincottWilliams & Wilkins, (Editors: Gennaro et al.).

While it is possible that, for use in the prophylaxis or treatment, acompound of the invention may, in an alternative use, be administered asa raw or pure chemical, it is preferable however to present the compoundor active ingredient as a pharmaceutical formulation or compositionfurther comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The invention thus further provides pharmaceutical formulationscomprising a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt, solvate, hydrate or derivative thereof together with one or morepharmaceutically acceptable carriers thereof and/or prophylacticingredients. The carrier(s) must be “acceptable” in the sense of beingcompatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not overlydeleterious to the recipient thereof. Typical procedures for making andidentifying suitable hydrates and solvates, outside those mentionedherein, are well known to those in the art; see for example, pages202-209 of K. J. Guillory, “Generation of Polymorphs, Hydrates,Solvates, and Amorphous Solids,” in: Polymorphism in PharmaceuticalSolids, ed. Harry G. Brittan, Vol. 95, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York,1999, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Pharmaceutical formulations include those suitable for oral, rectal,nasal, topical (including buccal and sub-lingual), vaginal or parenteral(including intramuscular, subcutaneous and intravenous) administrationor in a form suitable for administration by inhalation, insufflation orby a transdermal patch. Transdermal patches dispense a drug at acontrolled rate by presenting the drug for absorption in an efficientmanner with a minimum of degradation of the drug. Typically, transdermalpatches comprise an impermeable backing layer, a single pressuresensitive adhesive and a removable protective layer with a releaseliner. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand and appreciatethe techniques appropriate for manufacturing a desired efficacioustransdermal patch based upon the needs of the artisan.

The compounds of the invention, together with a conventional adjuvant,carrier, or diluent, may thus be placed into the form of pharmaceuticalformulations and unit dosages thereof and in such form may be employedas solids, such as tablets or filled capsules, or liquids such assolutions, suspensions, emulsions, elixirs, gels or capsules filled withthe same, all for oral use, in the form of suppositories for rectaladministration; or in the form of sterile injectable solutions forparenteral (including subcutaneous) use. Such pharmaceuticalcompositions and unit dosage forms thereof may comprise conventionalingredients in conventional proportions, with or without additionalactive compounds or principles and such unit dosage forms may containany suitable effective amount of the active ingredient commensurate withthe intended daily dosage range to be employed.

For oral administration, the pharmaceutical composition may be in theform of, for example, a tablet, capsule, suspension or liquid. Thepharmaceutical composition is preferably made in the form of a dosageunit containing a particular amount of the active ingredient. Examplesof such dosage units are capsules, tablets, powders, granules or asuspension, with conventional additives such as lactose, mannitol, cornstarch or potato starch; with binders such as crystalline cellulose,cellulose derivatives, acacia, corn starch or gelatins; withdisintegrators such as corn starch, potato starch or sodiumcarboxymethyl-cellulose; and with lubricants such as talc or magnesiumstearate. The active ingredient may also be administered by injection asa composition wherein, for example, saline, dextrose or water may beused as a suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

Compounds of the present invention or a solvate, hydrate orphysiologically functional derivative thereof can be used as activeingredients in pharmaceutical compositions, specifically as S1P1receptor modulators. By the term “active ingredient” is defined in thecontext of a “pharmaceutical composition” and refers to a component of apharmaceutical composition that provides the primary pharmacologicaleffect, as opposed to an “inactive ingredient” which would generally berecognized as providing no pharmaceutical benefit.

The dose when using the compounds of the present invention can varywithin wide limits and as is customary and is known to the physician, itis to be tailored to the individual conditions in each individual case.It depends, for example, on the nature and severity of the illness to betreated, on the condition of the patient, on the compound employed or onwhether an acute or chronic disease state is treated or prophylaxis isconducted or on whether further active compounds are administered inaddition to the compounds of the present invention. Representative dosesof the present invention include, but not limited to, about 0.001 mg toabout 5000 mg, about 0.001 mg to about 2500 mg, about 0.001 mg to about1000 mg, 0.001 mg to about 500 mg, 0.001 mg to about 250 mg, about 0.001mg to 100 mg, about 0.001 mg to about 50 mg and about 0.001 mg to about25 mg. Multiple doses may be administered during the day, especiallywhen relatively large amounts are deemed to be needed, for example 2, 3or 4 doses. Depending on the individual and as deemed appropriate fromthe patient's physician or caregiver it may be necessary to deviateupward or downward from the doses described herein.

The amount of active ingredient, or an active salt or derivativethereof, required for use in treatment will vary not only with theparticular salt selected but also with the route of administration, thenature of the condition being treated and the age and condition of thepatient and will ultimately be at the discretion of the attendantphysician or clinician. In general, one skilled in the art understandshow to extrapolate in vivo data obtained in a model system, typically ananimal model, to another, such as a human. In some circumstances, theseextrapolations may merely be based on the weight of the animal model incomparison to another, such as a mammal, preferably a human, however,more often, these extrapolations are not simply based on weights, butrather incorporate a variety of factors. Representative factors includethe type, age, weight, sex, diet and medical condition of the patient,the severity of the disease, the route of administration,pharmacological considerations such as the activity, efficacy,pharmacokinetic and toxicology profiles of the particular compoundemployed, whether a drug delivery system is utilized, on whether anacute or chronic disease state is being treated or prophylaxis isconducted or on whether further active compounds are administered inaddition to the compounds of the present invention and as part of a drugcombination. The dosage regimen for treating a disease condition withthe compounds and/or compositions of this invention is selected inaccordance with a variety factors as cited above. Thus, the actualdosage regimen employed may vary widely and therefore may deviate from apreferred dosage regimen and one skilled in the art will recognize thatdosage and dosage regimen outside these typical ranges can be testedand, where appropriate, may be used in the methods of this invention.

The desired dose may conveniently be presented in a single dose or asdivided doses administered at appropriate intervals, for example, astwo, three, four or more sub-doses per day. The sub-dose itself may befurther divided, e.g., into a number of discrete loosely spacedadministrations. The daily dose can be divided, especially whenrelatively large amounts are administered as deemed appropriate, intoseveral, for example 2, 3 or 4 part administrations. If appropriate,depending on individual behavior, it may be necessary to deviate upwardor downward from the daily dose indicated.

The compounds of the present invention can be administrated in a widevariety of oral and parenteral dosage forms. It will be obvious to thoseskilled in the art that the following dosage forms may comprise, as theactive component, either a compound of the invention or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, solvate or hydrate of a compound ofthe invention.

For preparing pharmaceutical compositions from the compounds of thepresent invention, the selection of a suitable pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier can be either solid, liquid or a mixture of both.Solid form preparations include powders, tablets, pills, capsules,cachets, suppositories and dispersible granules. A solid carrier can beone or more substances which may also act as diluents, flavoring agents,solubilizers, lubricants, suspending agents, binders, preservatives,tablet disintegrating agents, or an encapsulating material.

In powders, the carrier is a finely divided solid which is in a mixturewith the finely divided active component.

In tablets, the active component is mixed with the carrier having thenecessary binding capacity in suitable proportions and compacted to thedesire shape and size.

The powders and tablets may contain varying percentage amounts of theactive compound. A representative amount in a powder or tablet maycontain from 0.5 to about 90 percent of the active compound; however, anartisan would know when amounts outside of this range are necessary.Suitable carriers for powders and tablets are magnesium carbonate,magnesium stearate, talc, sugar, lactose, pectin, dextrin, starch,gelatin, tragacanth, methyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, alow melting wax, cocoa butter and the like. The term “preparation” referto include the formulation of the active compound with encapsulatingmaterial as carrier providing a capsule in which the active component,with or without carriers, is surrounded by a carrier, which is thus inassociation with it. Similarly, cachets and lozenges are included.Tablets, powders, capsules, pills, cachets and lozenges can be used assolid forms suitable for oral administration.

For preparing suppositories, a low melting wax, such as an admixture offatty acid glycerides or cocoa butter, is first melted and the activecomponent is dispersed homogeneously therein, as by stirring. The moltenhomogenous mixture is then poured into convenient sized molds, allowedto cool and thereby to solidify.

Formulations suitable for vaginal administration may be presented aspessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams or sprays containing inaddition to the active ingredient such carriers as are known in the artto be appropriate.

Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions and emulsions,for example, water or water-propylene glycol solutions. For example,parenteral injection liquid preparations can be formulated as solutionsin aqueous polyethylene glycol solution. Injectable preparations, forexample, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions may beformulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing orwetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparationmay also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a nontoxicparenterally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example, as a solutionin 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that maybe employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloridesolution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employedas a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oilmay be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition,fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation ofinjectables.

The compounds according to the present invention may thus be formulatedfor parenteral administration (e.g. by injection, for example bolusinjection or continuous infusion) and may be presented in unit dose formin ampoules, pre-filled syringes, small volume infusion or in multi-dosecontainers with an added preservative. The pharmaceutical compositionsmay take such forms as suspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily oraqueous vehicles and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending,stabilizing and/or dispersing agents. Alternatively, the activeingredient may be in powder form, obtained by aseptic isolation ofsterile solid or by lyophilization from solution, for constitution witha suitable vehicle, e.g. sterile, pyrogen-free water, before use.

Aqueous formulations suitable for oral use can be prepared by dissolvingor suspending the active component in water and adding suitablecolorants, flavors, stabilizing and thickening agents, as desired.

Aqueous suspensions suitable for oral use can be made by dispersing thefinely divided active component in water with viscous material, such asnatural or synthetic gums, resins, methyl cellulose, sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose, or other well-known suspending agents.

Also included are solid form preparations which can be converted,shortly before use, to liquid form preparations for oral administration.Such liquid forms include solutions, suspensions and emulsions. Thesepreparations may contain, in addition to the active component,colorants, flavors, stabilizers, buffers, artificial and naturalsweeteners, dispersants, thickeners, solubilizing agents and the like.

For topical administration to the epidermis the compounds according tothe invention may be formulated as ointments, creams or lotions, or as atransdermal patch.

Ointments and creams may, for example, be formulated with an aqueous oroily base with the addition of suitable thickening and/or gellingagents. Lotions may be formulated with an aqueous or oily base and willin general also contain one or more emulsifying agents, stabilizingagents, dispersing agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, orcoloring agents.

Formulations suitable for topical administration in the mouth includelozenges comprising active agent in a flavored base, usually sucrose andacacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active ingredient in aninert base such as gelatin and glycerin or sucrose and acacia; andmouthwashes comprising the active ingredient in a suitable liquidcarrier.

Solutions or suspensions are applied directly to the nasal cavity byconventional means, for example with a dropper, pipette or spray. Theformulations may be provided in single or multi-dose form. In the lattercase of a dropper or pipette, this may be achieved by the patientadministering an appropriate, predetermined volume of the solution orsuspension. In the case of a spray, this may be achieved for example bymeans of a metering atomizing spray pump.

Administration to the respiratory tract may also be achieved by means ofan aerosol formulation in which the active ingredient is provided in apressurized pack with a suitable propellant. If the compounds of thepresent invention or pharmaceutical compositions comprising them areadministered as aerosols, for example as nasal aerosols or byinhalation, this can be carried out, for example, using a spray, anebulizer, a pump nebulizer, an inhalation apparatus, a metered inhaleror a dry powder inhaler. Pharmaceutical forms for administration of thecompounds of the present invention as an aerosol can be prepared byprocesses well known to the person skilled in the art. For theirpreparation, for example, solutions or dispersions of the compounds ofthe present invention in water, water/alcohol mixtures or suitablesaline solutions can be employed using customary additives, for examplebenzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption enhancers forincreasing the bioavailability, solubilizers, dispersants and othersand, if appropriate, customary propellants, for example include carbondioxide, CFCs, such as, dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane,or dichlorotetrafluoroethane; and the like. The aerosol may convenientlyalso contain a surfactant such as lecithin. The dose of drug may becontrolled by provision of a metered valve.

In formulations for administration to the respiratory tract, includingintranasal formulations, the compound will generally have a smallparticle size for example of the order of 10 microns or less. Such aparticle size may be obtained by means known in the art, for example bymicronization. When desired, formulations adapted to give sustainedrelease of the active ingredient may be employed.

Alternatively the active ingredients may be provided in the form of adry powder, for example, a powder mix of the compound in a suitablepowder base such as lactose, starch, starch derivatives such ashydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).Conveniently the powder carrier will form a gel in the nasal cavity. Thepowder composition may be presented in unit dose form for example incapsules or cartridges of, e.g., gelatin, or blister packs from whichthe powder may be administered by means of an inhaler.

The pharmaceutical preparations are preferably in unit dosage forms. Insuch form, the preparation is subdivided into unit doses containingappropriate quantities of the active component. The unit dosage form canbe a packaged preparation, the package containing discrete quantities ofpreparation, such as packeted tablets, capsules and powders in vials orampoules. Also, the unit dosage form can be a capsule, tablet, cachet,or lozenge itself, or it can be the appropriate number of any of thesein packaged form.

Tablets or capsules for oral administration and liquids for intravenousadministration are preferred compositions.

The present invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositions thatinclude every combination of one or more of the salts, or crystallineforms selected from the following group:

-   (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic    acid L-lysine salt;-   (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic    acid sodium salt;-   (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)    acetic acid sodium salt hydrate;-   (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic    acid ethylenediamine salt hydrate;-   (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic    acid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt;-   (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic    acid L-arginine salt;-   (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic    acid zinc salt;-   (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic    acid calcium salt;-   (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic    acid N-methylglucamine salt;-   (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic    acid potassium salt;-   (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic    acid magnesium salt; and-   a crystalline form of    (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic    acid.-   One aspect of the present invention pertains to pharmaceutical    compositions comprising    (R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic    acid L-lysine salt and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising a crystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising a crystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The acid addition salts may be obtained as the direct products ofcompound synthesis. In the alternative, the free base may be dissolvedin a suitable solvent containing the appropriate acid and the saltisolated by evaporating the solvent or otherwise separating the salt andsolvent.

The compounds of this invention may form solvates with standard lowmolecular weight solvents using methods known to the skilled artisan.

Compounds of the present invention can be converted to “pro-drugs.” Theterm “pro-drugs” refers to compounds that have been modified withspecific chemical groups known in the art and when administered into anindividual these groups undergo biotransformation to give the parentcompound. Pro-drugs can thus be viewed as compounds of the inventioncontaining one or more specialized non-toxic protective groups used in atransient manner to alter or to eliminate a property of the compound. Inone general aspect, the “pro-drug” approach is utilized to facilitateoral absorption. A thorough discussion is provided in T. Higuchi and V.Stella, Pro-drugs as Novel Delivery Systems Vol. 14 of the A.C.S.Symposium Series; and in Bioreversible Carriers in Drug Design, ed.Edward B. Roche, American Pharmaceutical Association and Pergamon Press,1987, both of which are hereby incorporated by reference in theirentirety.

The embodiments of the present invention include a method of producing apharmaceutical composition for “combination-therapy” comprising admixingat least one compound according to any of the compound embodimentsdisclosed herein, together with at least one known pharmaceutical agentas described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

It is noted that when the S1P1 receptor modulators are utilized asactive ingredients in a pharmaceutical composition, these are notintended for use only in humans, but in other non-human mammals as well.Indeed, recent advances in the area of animal health-care mandate thatconsideration be given for the use of active agents, such as S1P1receptor modulators, for the treatment of an S1P-associated disease ordisorder in companionship animals (e.g., cats, dogs, etc.) and inlivestock animals (e.g., cows, chickens, fish, etc.) Those of ordinaryskill in the art are readily credited with understanding the utility ofsuch compounds in such settings.

Hydrates and Solvates

It is understood that when the phrase “pharmaceutically acceptablesalts, solvates, and hydrates” or the phrase “pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, solvate, or hydrate” is used when referring tocompounds described herein, it embraces pharmaceutically acceptablesolvates and/or hydrates of the compounds, pharmaceutically acceptablesalts of the compounds, as well as pharmaceutically acceptable solvatesand/or hydrates of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds.It is also understood that when the phrase “pharmaceutically acceptablesolvates and hydrates” or the phrase “pharmaceutically acceptablesolvate or hydrate” is used when referring to salts described herein, itembraces pharmaceutically acceptable solvates and/or hydrates of suchsalts.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the dosage formsdescribed herein may comprise, as the active component, either acompound described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or as apharmaceutically acceptable solvate or hydrate thereof. Moreover,various hydrates and solvates of the compounds described herein andtheir salts will find use as intermediates in the manufacture ofpharmaceutical compositions. Typical procedures for making andidentifying suitable hydrates and solvates, outside those mentionedherein, are well known to those in the art; see for example, pages202-209 of K. J. Guillory, “Generation of Polymorphs, Hydrates,Solvates, and Amorphous Solids,” in: Polymorphism in PharmaceuticalSolids, ed. Harry G. Britain, Vol. 95, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York,1999. Accordingly, one aspect of the present invention pertains tomethods of administering hydrates and solvates of compounds describedherein and/or their pharmaceutical acceptable salts, that can beisolated and characterized by methods known in the art, such as,thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), TGA-mass spectroscopy, TGA-Infraredspectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRPD), Karl Fisher titration,high resolution X-ray diffraction, and the like. There are severalcommercial entities that provide quick and efficient services foridentifying solvates and hydrates on a routine basis. Example companiesoffering these services include Wilmington PharmaTech (Wilmington,Del.), Avantium Technologies (Amsterdam) and Aptuit (Greenwich, Conn.).

One embodiment of the present invention includes(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic acid sodium salt hydrate.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed compositionscomprising(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate.

Compositions Containing Salts and Crystalline Forms

One aspect of the present invention is directed compositions comprisinga salt or a crystalline form, as described herein.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to compositionscomprising(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to compositionscomprising(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to compositionscomprising(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt hydrate.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to compositionscomprising(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to compositionscomprising(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to compositionscomprising(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-arginine salt.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to compositionscomprising(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid zinc salt.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to compositionscomprising(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid calcium salt.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to compositionscomprising(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid N-methylglucamine salt.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to compositionscomprising(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid potassium salt.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to compositionscomprising(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid magnesium salt.

One embodiment of the present invention is directed to compositionscomprising a crystalline form(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid, the crystalline form as described herein.

One aspect of the present invention provides for pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising a salt or crystalline form, as described herein,and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. For example, in someembodiments, pharmaceutical compositions of the present inventioncomprise(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In someembodiments, pharmaceutical compositions of the present inventioncomprise a crystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid, as described herein, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The present invention further provides compositions comprising a salt ora crystalline form, as described herein, wherein the salt or crystallineform comprises about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%,55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or greater byweight of the composition.

The present invention further provides compositions comprising(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt, wherein the salt comprises about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%,25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%,95%, 98%, 99%, or greater by weight of the composition.

The present invention further provides compositions comprising acrystalline form of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid, wherein the crystalline form comprises about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%,25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%,95%, 98%, 99%, or greater by weight of the composition.

In some embodiments, the compositions comprise a salt or a crystallineform, as described herein, wherein the salt or crystalline formcomprises about 50% or greater by weight of said composition.

In some embodiments, the compositions comprise a salt or a crystallineform, as described herein, wherein the salt or crystalline formcomprises about 75% or greater by weight of said composition.

In some embodiments, the compositions comprise a salt or a crystallineform, as described herein, wherein the salt or crystalline formcomprises about 85% or greater by weight of said composition.

In some embodiments, the compositions comprise a salt or a crystallineform, as described herein, wherein the salt or crystalline formcomprises about 95% or greater by weight of said composition.

In some embodiments, the compositions comprise a salt or a crystallineform, as described herein, wherein the salt or crystalline formcomprises about 97% or greater by weight of said composition.

In some embodiments, the compositions comprise a salt or a crystallineform, as described herein, wherein the salt or crystalline formcomprises about 99% or greater by weight of said composition.

Processes of the Present Invention

The present invention is further directed to, inter alia, processes andintermediates for the preparation of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid, salts and crystalline forms thereof.

The processes described herein can be monitored according to anysuitable method known in the art. For example, product formation can bemonitored by spectroscopic means, such as nuclear magnetic resonancespectroscopy (e.g., 1H or ¹³C), infrared spectroscopy, spectrophotometry(e.g., UV-visible), or mass spectrometry, or by chromatography such ashigh performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or thin layerchromatography.

In some embodiments, preparation of compounds can involve the protectionand deprotection of various chemical groups. The need for protection anddeprotection, and the selection of appropriate protecting groups can bereadily determined by one skilled in the art. The chemistry ofprotecting groups can be found, for example, in Greene and Wuts,Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd Ed., Wiley & Sons, 1999,which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The reactions of the processes described herein can be carried out insuitable solvents which can be readily selected by one of skill in theart of organic synthesis. Suitable solvents can be substantiallynonreactive with the starting materials (reactants), the intermediates,or products at the temperatures at which the reactions are carried out,e.g., temperatures which can range from the solvent's freezingtemperature to the solvent's boiling temperature. A given reaction canbe carried out in one solvent or a mixture of more than one solvent.Depending on the particular reaction step, suitable solvents for aparticular reaction step can be selected. In some embodiments, reactionscan be carried out in the absence of solvent, such as when at least oneof the reagents is a liquid or gas.

Suitable solvents can include halogenated solvents such as carbontetrachloride, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, bromoform,chloroform, bromochloromethane, dibromomethane, butyl chloride,dichloromethane, tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethylene,1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethane,2-chloropropane, hexafluorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene,o-dichlorobenzene, chlorobenzene, fluorobenzene, fluorotrichloromethane,chlorotrifluoromethane, bromotrifluoromethane, carbon tetrafluoride,dichlorofluoromethane, chlorodifluoromethane, trifluoromethane,1,2-dichlorotetrafluorethane and hexafluoroethane.

Suitable ether solvents include: dimethoxymethane, tetrahydrofuran,1,3-dioxane, 1,4-dioxane, furan, diethyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethylether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether,diethylene glycol diethyl ether, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether,anisole, diisopropyl ether, or t-butyl methyl ether.

Suitable protic solvents can include, by way of example and withoutlimitation, water, methanol, ethanol, 2-nitroethanol, 2-fluoroethanol,2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, ethylene glycol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol,2-methoxyethanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, i-butyl alcohol, t-butylalcohol, 2-ethoxyethanol, diethylene glycol, 1-, 2-, or 3-pentanol,neo-pentyl alcohol, t-pentyl alcohol, diethylene glycol monomethylether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, cyclohexanol, benzyl alcohol,phenol, or glycerol.

Suitable aprotic solvents can include, by way of example and withoutlimitation, tetrahydrofuran, N,N-dimethylformamide,N,N-dimethylacetamide,1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinone,1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, N-methylpyrrolidinone, formamide,N-methylacetamide, N-methylformamide, acetonitrile, dimethyl sulfoxide,propionitrile, ethyl formate, methyl acetate, hexachloroacetone,acetone, ethyl methyl ketone, ethyl acetate, sulfolane,N,N-dimethylpropionamide, tetramethylurea, nitromethane, nitrobenzene,or hexamethylphosphoramide.

Suitable hydrocarbon solvents include benzene, cyclohexane, pentane,hexane, toluene, cycloheptane, methylcyclohexane, heptane, ethylbenzene,o, m-, or p-xylene, octane, indane, nonane, or naphthalene.

Supercritical carbon dioxide can also be used as a solvent.

The reactions of the processes described herein can be carried out atappropriate temperatures which can be readily determined by one skilledin the art. Reaction temperatures will depend on, for example, themelting and boiling points of the reagents and solvent, if present;thermodynamics of the reaction (e.g., vigorously exothermic reactionsmay need to be carried out at reduced temperatures); and the kinetics ofthe reaction (e.g., a high activation energy barrier may need elevatedtemperatures).

The reactions of the processes described herein can be carried out inair or under an inert atmosphere. Typically, reactions containingreagents or products that are substantially reactive with air can becarried out using air-sensitive synthetic techniques that are well knownto one skilled in the art.

In some embodiments, preparation of compounds can involve the additionof acids or bases to effect, for example, catalysis of a desiredreaction or formation of salt forms such as acid addition salts.

Example acids can be inorganic or organic acids. Inorganic acids includehydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, andnitric acid. Organic acids include formic acid, acetic acid,trifluoroacetic acid, propionic acid, butanoic acid, methanesulfonicacid, p-toluene sulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, propiolic acid,butyric acid, 2-butynoic acid, vinyl acetic acid, pentanoic acid,hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, octanoic acid, nonanoic acid and decanoicacid.

Example bases include lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassiumhydroxide, lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, and potassium carbonate.Some example strong bases include, but are not limited to, hydroxide,alkoxides, metal amides, metal hydrides, metal dialkylamides andarylamines, wherein; alkoxides include lithium, sodium and potassiumsalts of methyl, ethyl and t-butyl oxides; metal amides include sodiumamide, potassium amide and lithium amide; metal hydrides include sodiumhydride, potassium hydride and lithium hydride; and metal dialkylamidesinclude sodium and potassium salts of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl,isopropanol, n-butyl, t-butyl, trimethylsilyl and cyclohexyl substitutedamides.

The compounds described herein can be asymmetric (e.g., having one ormore stereocenters). All stereoisomers, such as enantiomers anddiastereomers, are intended unless otherwise indicated. Compounds of thepresent invention that contain asymmetrically substituted carbon atomscan be isolated in optically active or racemic forms. Methods on how toprepare optically active forms from optically active starting materialsare known in the art, such as by resolution of racemic mixtures or bystereoselective synthesis.

The processes described herein can be stereoselective such that anygiven reaction starting with one or more chiral reagents enriched in onestereoisomer forms a product that is also enriched in one stereoisomer.The reaction can be conducted such that the product of the reactionsubstantially retains one or more chiral centers present in the startingmaterials. The reaction can also be conducted such that the product ofthe reaction contains a chiral center that is substantially invertedrelative to a corresponding chiral center present in the startingmaterials.

Resolution of racemic mixtures of compounds can be carried out by any ofnumerous methods known in the art. An example method includes fractionalrecrystallization (for example, diastereomeric salt resolution) using a“chiral resolving acid” which is an optically active, salt-formingorganic acid. Suitable resolving agents for fractional recrystallizationmethods are, for example, optically active acids, such as the D and Lforms of tartaric acid, diacetyltartaric acid, dibenzoyltartaric acid,mandelic acid, malic acid, lactic acid or the various optically activecamphorsulfonic acids such as β-camphorsulfonic acid. Other resolvingagents suitable for fractional crystallization methods includestereoisomerically pure forms of β-methylbenzylamine (e.g., S and Rforms, or diastereomerically pure forms), 2-phenylglycinol,norephedrine, ephedrine, N-methylephedrine, cyclohexylethylamine,1,2-diaminocyclohexane, and the like.

Resolution of racemic mixtures can also be carried out by elution on acolumn packed with an optically active resolving agent (e.g.,dinitrobenzoylphenylglycine). Suitable elution solvent composition canbe determined by one skilled in the art.

Upon carrying out preparation of compounds according to the processesdescribed herein, the usual isolation and purification operations suchas concentration, filtration, extraction, solid-phase extraction,recrystallization, enantiomeric-enrichment via recrystallization,chromatography, and the like may be used, to isolate the desiredproducts.

Example processes and certain intermediates of the present invention areshown in Schemes I to X below, wherein each substituent of the compoundsdepicted is defined herein.

Representative indole forming step, and intermediates of Formulae (IIa)or a salt thereof, (IIb), and (IIc) or a salt thereof, of the presentinvention are provided below in Scheme I, wherein each substituentdepicted in the Formulae has the same meaning as defined herein.

Representative cyclizing step, and intermediates of Formulae (IIc) or asalt thereof, (IId), and (IIe) or a keto tautomer thereof, of thepresent invention are provided below in Scheme II, wherein eachsubstituent depicted in the Formulae has the same meaning as definedherein.

Representative decarboxylating step and intermediates of Formulae (Ie)or a keto tautomer thereof, and (IIf) or a salt thereof, of the presentinvention are provided below in Scheme III, wherein each substituentdepicted in the Formulae has the same meaning as defined herein.

Representative olefinating step and intermediates of Formulae (IIf) or asalt thereof, (IIg), and (IIh) or a salt thereof, of the presentinvention are provided below in Scheme IV, wherein each substituentdepicted in the Formulae has the same meaning as defined herein.

Representative reducing step and intermediates of Formulae (IIh) or asalt thereof, and (IIi) or a salt thereof, of the present invention areprovided below in Scheme V, wherein each substituent depicted in theFormulae has the same meaning as defined herein.

Representative deprotecting step and intermediates of Formulae (IIi) ora salt thereof, and (IIj) or a salt thereof, of the present inventionare provided below in Scheme VI, wherein each substituent depicted inthe Formulae has the same meaning as defined herein.

Representative alkylating step and intermediates of Formulae (IIj) or asalt thereof, (IIk), and (IIm) or a salt thereof, is provided below inScheme VII, wherein each substituent depicted in the Formulae has thesame meaning as defined herein.

Representative chlorinating step and intermediates of Formulae (IIm) ora salt thereof, and (IIn) or a salt thereof, is provided below in SchemeVIII, wherein each substituent depicted in the Formulae has the samemeaning as defined herein.

Representative hydrolyzing step and intermediates of Formulae (IIn) or asalt thereof, and (Ia) are provided below in Scheme IX, wherein eachsubstituent depicted in the Formulae has the same meaning as definedherein.

Representative salt formation step from compound of Formula (Ia) to anL-lysine salt of compound of Formula (Ia) is provided below in Scheme X.

One aspect of the present invention includes every combination of one ormore process step and intermediates related thereto used in thepreparation of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid, and salts, and crystalline forms thereof, such processes asexemplified by Schemes I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, and X(supra) and compounds of Formulae (Ia), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc), (IId),(Ie), (IIf), (IIg), (IIh), (IIi), (IIj), (IIm), and (IIn).

One aspect of the present invention pertains to intermediates, compoundsof Formulae (Ia), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc), (IId), (Ie), (IIf), (IIg), (IIh),(IIi), (IIj), (IIm), and (IIn), as exemplified in Schemes I, II, III,IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, and X (supra), useful in the preparation ofCompound of Formula (Ia) and salts, and crystalline forms thereof, forexample, an L-lysine salt of Compound of Formula (Ia).

One aspect of the present invention pertains to intermediates asexemplified in Schemes I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, and X(supra), that involve compounds of Formulae (Ia), (IIa), (IIb), (IIc),(IId), (IIe), (IIf), (IIg), (IIh), (IIi), (IIj), (IIm), and (IIn),wherein:

R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently from the group consistingof H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, halogen, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl, C₁-C₄haloalkoxy, and nitro;

R⁴ is C₁-C₄ alkyl;

R⁵ is C₁-C₄ alkyl;

R⁶ is C₁-C₄ alkyl;

each R⁷ is independently C₁-C₄ alkyl; and M is an alkali metal or H.

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently fromthe group consisting of H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, and C₁-C₄haloalkyl.

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently fromthe group consisting of H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, and C₁-C₄ alkoxy.

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently fromthe group consisting of H, CH₃, OCH₃, OCH(CH₃)₂, and CF₃.

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently fromthe group consisting of H, CH₃, and OCH₃.

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently fromthe group consisting of H, OCH(CH₃)₂, and CF₃.

In some embodiments, R¹ is H.

In some embodiments, R² is OCH(CH₃)₂.

In some embodiments, R³ is CF₃.

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each H.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, or CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is CH₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is CH₂CH₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, or CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is CH₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is CH₂CH₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, M is lithium, sodium or potassium.

In some embodiments, M is sodium.

In some embodiments, M is potassium.

In some embodiments, M is H.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃, ort-butyl.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, or CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₂CH₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is t-butyl.

In some embodiments, R⁷ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, or CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁷ is CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁷ is CH₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁷ is CH₂CH₂CH₃.

It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, forclarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also beprovided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, variousfeatures of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in thecontext of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or inany suitable subcombination. All subcombinations of the chemical groupsrepresented by variables (e.g., R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and M)contained within the generic chemical formulae described herein, forexample, (IIa), (IIb), (IIc), (IId), (Ie), (Ie), (IIf), (IIg), (IIh),(IIi), (IIj), (IIm), (IIIb), (IIIc), (IIId), and (IIIe), arespecifically embraced by the present invention just as if each and everycombination was individually and explicitly recited, to the extent thatsuch combinations embrace compounds that result in stable compounds(i.e., compounds that can be isolated, and characterized). Further more,all subcombinations of the embodiments pertaining process steps asdescribed herein are specifically embraced by the present invention justas if each process step and every combination was individually andexplicitly recited. In addition, all subcombinations of the chemicalgroups listed in the embodiments describing such variables, as well asall subcombinations of uses and medical indications described herein,are also specifically embraced by the present invention just as if eachand every subcombination of chemical groups and subcombination of usesand medical indications was individually and explicitly recited herein.In addition, all subcombinations of the salts, solvates, hydrates, andcrystalline forms specifically exemplified herein, as well as allsubcombinations of uses thereof and medical indications related theretodescribed herein, are also specifically embraced by the presentinvention just as if each and every subcombination of salts, solvates,hydrates and crystalline forms specifically exemplified herein andsubcombination of uses thereof and medical indications related theretowas individually and explicitly recited herein.

Compounds of the invention can also include tautomeric forms, such asketo-enol tautomers and the like. Tautomeric forms can be in equilibriumor sterically locked into one form by appropriate substitution. It isunderstood that the various tautomeric forms are within the scope of thecompounds of the present invention.

Compounds of the invention can also include all isotopes of atomsoccurring in the intermediates and/or final compounds. Isotopes includethose atoms having the same atomic number but different mass numbers.For example, isotopes of hydrogen include deuterium and tritium.

It is understood that the present invention embraces eachdiastereoisomer, each enantiomer and mixtures thereof of each compoundand generic formulae disclosed herein just as if they were eachindividually disclosed with the specific stereochemical designation foreach chiral carbon. Separation of the individual isomers (such as, bychiral HPLC, recrystallization of diastereoisomeric mixtures and thelike) or selective synthesis (such as, by enantiomeric selectivesyntheses and the like) of the individual isomers is accomplished byapplication of various methods which are well known to practitioners inthe art.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to the preparation of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid, crystalline forms, and salts thereof, wherein the “deprotectingstep” and the “alkylating step”, as described herein, are optional. Itis appreciated that when the compound of Formula (IIi) is:

wherein R⁶ is C₁-C₄ alkyl,

then the “deprotecting step”, see Scheme VI and as described herein, andthe subsequent “alkylating step”, see Scheme VII and as describedherein, are optional as the desired benzyloxy group (i.e.,4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy group) is present and in thisregard the deprotecting and alkylating steps are not required.Therefore, one aspect of the present invention pertains to thepreparation of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid, crystalline forms, and salts thereof, comprising the followingsteps: an indole forming step (Scheme I), a cyclizing step (Scheme II),a decarboxylating step (Scheme III), an olefinating step (Scheme IV), areducing step (Scheme V), a chlorinating step (Scheme VIII), ahydrolyzing step (Scheme IX), and a salt formation step (Scheme X),wherein details of each step are as described herein. In someembodiments, R⁶ is ethyl.

I. Indole Forming Step

One aspect of the present invention pertains to processes for preparinga compound of Formula (IIc):

comprising the step:

reacting a compound of Formula (IIa) or a salt thereof:

wherein R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently from the groupconsisting of H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, halogen, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl,C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, and nitro; with a compound of:

wherein R⁴ is C₁-C₄ alkyl;

in the presence of an indole-forming-step acid and anindole-forming-step solvent to form the compound of Formula (IIc).

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently fromthe group consisting of H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, and C₁-C₄ alkoxy.

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently fromthe group consisting of H, CH₃, and OCH₃.

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each H.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IIa) is(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-hydrazine:

or an HCl salt thereof.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, or CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is CH₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IIb) is ethyl2-oxopropanoate (i.e., also referred to as ethyl pyruvate):

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each H; and R⁴ is CH₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, the indole-forming-step acid comprises a Brønstedacid.

In some embodiments, the indole-forming-step acid comprises acetic acid,trifluoroacetic acid, p-TsOH, H₃PO₄, H₂SO₄, methanesulfonic acid, formicacid, or HCl.

In some embodiments, the indole-forming-step acid comprises p-TsOH,H₃PO₄, H₂SO₄, or methanesulfonic acid.

In some embodiments, the indole-forming-step acid comprises H₂SO₄.

In some embodiments, the indole-forming-step solvent comprises C₁-C₄alkylalcohol solvent.

In some embodiments, the indole-forming-step solvent comprises methanolor ethanol.

In some embodiments, the indole-forming-step solvent comprises ethanol.

In some embodiments, the reacting further comprises the step of adding asolution of the compound of Formula (IIb) in the indole-forming-stepsolvent to a suspension of the compound of Formula (IIa) in theindole-forming-step acid and the indole-forming-step solvent to form areaction mixture.

In some embodiments, the suspension of the compound of Formula (IIa) inthe indole-forming-step acid and the indole-forming-step solvent is at atemperature of about −15° C. to about 25° C.

In some embodiments, the suspension of the compound of Formula (IIa) inthe indole-forming-step acid and the indole-forming-step solvent is at atemperature of about −10° C. to about 10° C.

In some embodiments, the suspension of the compound of Formula (IIa) inthe indole-forming-step acid and the indole-forming-step solvent is at atemperature of about 0° C.

In some embodiments, the reaction mixture is at a temperature of about30° C. to about 60° C.

In some embodiments, the reaction mixture is at a temperature of about40° C. to about 50° C.

In some embodiments, the reaction mixture is at a temperature of about45° C.

In some embodiments, the suspension of the compound of Formula (IIa) inthe indole-forming-step acid and the indole-forming-step solvent is at atemperature of about 0° C.; and the reaction mixture is at a temperatureof about 45° C.

In some embodiments, the reacting further comprises the step of coolingthe reaction mixture to a temperature of about 10° C. to about 25° C.

In some embodiments, the reacting further comprises the step ofisolating(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid.

In some embodiments, isolating comprises filtration.

II. Cyclizing Step

One aspect of the present invention pertains to processes for preparinga compound of Formula (IIe), or a keto tautomer thereof:

wherein R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently from the groupconsisting of H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, halogen, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl,C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, and nitro; R⁵ is C₁-C₄ alkyl; and M is an alkali metalor H;

comprising the step of:

cyclizing a compound of Formula (IIc):

wherein R⁴ is C₁-C₄ alkyl;

with a compound of Formula (IId):

in the presence of an alkali metal C₁-C₄ alkoxide base and acyclizing-step solvent to form the compound of Formula (Ie), or a ketotautomer thereof.

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently fromthe group consisting of H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, and C₁-C₄ alkoxy.

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently fromthe group consisting of H, CH₃, and OCH₃.

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each H.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, or CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is CH₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, or CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is CH₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, M is lithium, sodium or potassium.

In some embodiments, M is potassium.

In some embodiments, M is H.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IIe) is:

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IIc) is:

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IId) is ethyl acrylate:

In some embodiments, the alkali metal C₁-C₄ alkoxide base compriseslithium isopropoxide, lithium t-butoxide, sodium isopropoxide, sodiumt-butoxide, potassium isopropoxide, or potassium t-butoxide.

In some embodiments, the alkali metal C₁-C₄ alkoxide base compriseslithium t-butoxide, sodium t-butoxide, or potassium t-butoxide.

In some embodiments, the alkali metal C₁-C₄ alkoxide base comprisespotassium t-butoxide.

In some embodiments, the cyclizing-step solvent comprises an aproticsolvent.

In some embodiments, the cyclizing-step solvent comprisestetrahydrofuran, diethylether, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), ordioxane.

In some embodiments, the cyclizing-step solvent comprisestetrahydrofuran or methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE).

In some embodiments, the cyclizing-step solvent comprisestetrahydrofuran.

In some embodiments, the cyclizing step is conducted under asubstantially inert atmosphere.

In some embodiments, the cyclizing step is conducted under asubstantially inert atmosphere comprising argon or nitrogen.

In some embodiments, the cyclizing step is conducted under asubstantially inert atmosphere comprising nitrogen.

In some embodiments, the cyclizing step further comprises the step of:

adding a mixture comprising the alkali metal C₁-C₄ alkoxide base and thecyclizing-step solvent to a mixture comprising the compound of Formula(IIc) and the cyclizing-step solvent to form a cyclizing-step firstmixture.

In some embodiments, the cyclizing step further comprises the step of:

adding the compound of Formula (IId) to the cyclizing-step first mixtureto form a cyclizing-step second mixture.

In some embodiments, the cyclizing-step first mixture is at atemperature of about 10° C. to about 40° C.

In some embodiments, the cyclizing-step first mixture is at atemperature of about 15° C. to about 35° C.

In some embodiments, the cyclizing-step first mixture is at atemperature of about 20° C. to about 30° C.

In some embodiments, the cyclizing step further comprises heating thecyclizing-step second mixture to a temperature of about 50° C. to about75° C. after addition of said compound of Formula (IId) to saidcyclizing-step first mixture.

In some embodiments, the cyclizing step further comprises heating saidcyclizing-step second mixture to a temperature of about 55° C. to about70° C. after addition of said compound of Formula (IId) to saidcyclizing-step first mixture.

In some embodiments, the cyclizing step further comprises heating saidcyclizing-step second mixture to a temperature of about 60° C. to about65° C. after addition of said compound of Formula (IId) to saidcyclizing-step first mixture.

In some embodiments, the cyclizing step further comprises the step ofcooling the cyclizing-step second mixture to a temperature of about 0°C. to about 30° C.

In some embodiments, the cyclizing step further comprises the step ofcooling the cyclizing-step second mixture to a temperature of about 10°C. to about 30° C.

In some embodiments, the cyclizing step further comprises the step ofcooling the cyclizing-step second mixture to a temperature of about 20°C. to about 30° C.

In some embodiments, the cyclizing step further comprises the step ofprecipitating the compound of Formula (IIe).

In some embodiments, the cyclizing step further comprises the step ofisolating the compound of Formula (IIe).

In some embodiments, isolating comprises filtration.

III. Decarboxylating Step

One aspect of the present invention pertains to processes for preparinga compound of Formula (IIf):

wherein R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently from the groupconsisting of H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, halogen, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl,C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, and nitro;

comprising the step of:

decarboxylating the compound of Formula (IIe), or a keto tautomerthereof,

wherein M is an alkali metal or H;

in the presence of a Brønsted acid and water to form the compound ofFormula (IIf).

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently fromthe group consisting of H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, and C₁-C₄ alkoxy.

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently fromthe group consisting of H, CH₃, and OCH₃.

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each H.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, or CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁴ is CH₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, or CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is CH₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IIf) is:

In some embodiments, M is lithium, sodium, or potassium.

In some embodiments, M is potassium.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IIe) is:

In some embodiments, the Brønsted acid comprises acetic acid,trifluoroacetic acid, p-TsOH, H₃PO₄, H₂SO₄, methanesulfonic acid, orformic acid.

In some embodiments, the Brønsted acid comprises acetic acid ortrifluoroacetic acid.

In some embodiments, the Brønsted acid comprises acetic acid.

In some embodiments, the volume ratio between the Brønsted acid and thewater is about 1.0:1.0 to about 10.0:1.0.

In some embodiments, the volume ratio between the Brønsted acid and thewater is about 1.5:1.0 to about 5.0:1.0.

In some embodiments, the volume ratio between the Brønsted acid and thewater is about 2.0:1.0.

In some embodiments, the decarboxylating step further comprises a stepof adding the compound of Formula (IIf) to a mixture comprising theBrønsted acid and the water forming a decarboxylating-step mixture.

In some embodiments, the decarboxylating step further comprises the stepof heating the decarboxylating-step mixture to a temperature of about75° C. to about 120° C.

In some embodiments, the decarboxylating step further comprises the stepof heating the decarboxylating-step mixture to a temperature of about85° C. to about 120° C.

In some embodiments, the decarboxylating step further comprises the stepof heating the decarboxylating-step mixture to a temperature of about95° C. to about 120° C.

In some embodiments, the decarboxylating step further comprises the stepof cooling said decarboxylating-step mixture to a temperature of about0° C. to about 30° C. after heating said decarboxylating-step mixture.

In some embodiments, the decarboxylating step further comprises the stepof cooling said decarboxylating-step mixture to a temperature of about10° C. to about 25° C. after heating said decarboxylating-step mixture.

In some embodiments, the decarboxylating step further comprises the stepof cooling said decarboxylating-step mixture to a temperature of about20° C. to about 30° C. after heating said decarboxylating-step mixture.

In some embodiments, the decarboxylating step further comprises the stepof precipitating the compound of Formula (IIf).

In some embodiments, the decarboxylating step further comprises the stepof isolating the compound of Formula (IIf).

In some embodiments, isolating comprises filtration.

IV. Olefinating Step

One aspect of the present invention pertains to processes for preparinga compound of Formula (IIh):

wherein R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently from the groupconsisting of H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, halogen, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl,C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, and nitro; and R⁶ is C₁-C₄ alkyl;

comprising the step of:

olefinating a compound of Formula (IIf):

with a compound of Formula (IIg):

wherein and each R⁷ is independently C₁-C₄ alkyl;

in the presence of an olefinating-step base and an olefinating-stepsolvent to form the compound of Formula (IIh).

It is understood that compounds of Formula (IIh) embrace, E isomers andZ isomers, and that the olefination process embraces processes usingsubstantially pure E isomer, substantially pure Z isomer, and allmixtures of E isomers and Z isomers.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IIh) comprises the Eisomer and is of the Formula (IIh)-E:

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IIh) comprises the Zisomer and is of the Formula (IIh)-Z:

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently fromthe group consisting of H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, and C₁-C₄ alkoxy.

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently fromthe group consisting of H, CH₃, and OCH₃.

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each H.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IIf) is:

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃, ort-butyl.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, or CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is t-butyl.

In some embodiments, R⁷ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, or CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁷ is CH₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IIg) is:

In some embodiments, the olefinating-step base comprises lithiumisopropoxide, lithium t-butoxide, sodium isopropoxide, sodiumt-butoxide, potassium isopropoxide, or potassium t-butoxide.

In some embodiments, the olefinating-step base comprises lithiumt-butoxide, sodium t-butoxide, or potassium t-butoxide.

In some embodiments, the olefinating-step base comprises potassiumt-butoxide.

In some embodiments, the olefinating-step solvent comprises an aproticsolvent.

In some embodiments, the olefinating-step solvent comprisestetrahydrofuran, diethylether, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), ordioxane.

In some embodiments, the olefinating-step solvent comprisestetrahydrofuran or methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE).

In some embodiments, the olefinating-step solvent comprisestetrahydrofuran.

In some embodiments, the olefinating step is conducted under asubstantially inert atmosphere.

In some embodiments, the olefinating step is conducted under asubstantially inert atmosphere comprising argon or nitrogen.

In some embodiments, the olefinating step is conducted under asubstantially inert atmosphere comprising nitrogen.

In some embodiments, the olefinating step further comprises the step of:

adding a mixture comprising the olefinating-step base and theolefinating-step solvent to a mixture comprising the compound of Formula(IIg) and the olefinating-step solvent to form a first olefinating-stepmixture comprising the ylide of the compound of Formula (IIg).

In some embodiments, the process further comprises the step of addingthe compound of Formula (IIf) to the first olefinating-step mixturecomprising the ylide of the compound of Formula (IIg) to form a secondolefinating-step mixture.

In some embodiments, the second olefinating-step mixture is maintainedat a temperature of about 10° C. to about 50° C. after addition of saidcompound of Formula (IIf) to said first olefinating-step mixturecomprising the ylide of said compound of Formula (IIg).

In some embodiments, the second olefinating-step mixture is maintainedat a temperature of about 15° C. to about 35° C. after addition of saidcompound of Formula (IIf) to said first olefinating-step mixturecomprising the ylide of said compound of Formula (IIg).

In some embodiments, the second olefinating-step mixture is maintainedat a temperature of about 20° C. to about 30° C. after addition of saidcompound of Formula (IIf) to said first olefinating-step mixturecomprising the ylide of said compound of Formula (IIg).

In some embodiments, the process further comprises the step ofconcentrating said second olefinating-step mixture to form a concentratecomprising said compound of Formula (IIh).

In some embodiments, the process further comprises the step of adding tosaid concentrate comprising said compound of Formula (IIh) a mixturecomprising isopropanol to form a precipitate comprising said compound ofFormula (IIh).

In some embodiments, the process further comprises the step of isolatingthe precipitate of the compound of Formula (IIh) from the mixturecomprising isopropanol.

In some embodiments, the isolating the precipitate of the compound ofFormula (IIh) comprises filtration.

In some embodiments, the precipitate of the compound of Formula (IIh)comprises:

V. Reducing Step

One aspect of the present invention pertains to processes for preparinga compound of Formula (IIi):

wherein R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently from the groupconsisting of H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, halogen, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl,C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, and nitro; and R⁶ is C₁-C₄ alkyl;

comprising the step of:

reducing the compound of Formula (IIh):

in the presence of:

i) a chiral phosphine ligand;

ii) a Cu-catalyst;

iii) hydride-reagent;

iv) a reducing-step solvent; and

v) optionally a sterically-hindered C₃-C₈ alkylalcohol,

to form the compound of Formula (IIi).

It is understood that the compound of Formula (IIh) embraces, E isomersand Z isomers, and the olefination process embraces processes using thesubstantially pure E isomer, the substantially pure Z isomer, and allmixtures of E isomers and Z isomers.

In some embodiments, the sterically-hindered C₃-C₈ alkylalcohol ispresent. The term sterically-hindered C₃-C₈ alkylalcohol refers to a 2°or a 3° alcohol containing C₃ to C₈ carbons.

In some embodiments, the sterically-hindered C₃-C₈ alkylalcoholcomprises isopropanol, t-butyl alcohol, 2-methylbutan-2-ol,2,3-dimethylbutan-2-ol, 2,3,3-trimethylbutan-2-ol, 3-methylpentan-3-ol,or 3-ethylpentan-3-ol.

In some embodiments, the sterically-hindered C₃-C₈ alkylalcoholcomprises t-butyl alcohol.

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently fromthe group consisting of H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, and C₁-C₄ alkoxy.

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently fromthe group consisting of H, CH₃, and OCH₃.

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each H.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃, ort-butyl.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, or CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is t-butyl.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IIi) is:

Any suitable chiral phosphine ligand, Cu-catalyst, and hydride-reagentcan be used in the reducing-step (i.e., reduction of compounds ofFormula (IIh) to compound of Formula (IIi)).

Representative examples of chiral phosphine ligands, Cu-catalysts, andhydride-reagents are provided below.

Representative Examples of Chiral Phosphine Ligands

The only requirement for the selection of the chiral phosphine ligand iswhen the chiral phosphine ligand is utilized in the reducing-stepprocess the product has the correct R steriochemistry (i.e., as shown inFormula (IIi)). The correct R enantiomer can be prepared utilizingeither the E isomer or the Z isomer of a compound of Formula (IIh). Whenthe E isomer of the compound of Formula (IIh) is present then anysuitable chiral phosphine ligand can be used provided that the correct Rstereochemistry is obtained for the compound of Formula (IIi). Toillustrate this point, utilizing the E isomer of a compound of Formula(IIh), one useful chiral phosphine ligand for this step is(R)-(−)-1-[(S)-2-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl]ethyldi-tert-butylphosphine.Specific details using this chiral phosphine ligand, as well asadditional ligands, are described in Example 1.5, Step E. Alternatively,if the Z isomer of the compound of Formula (IIh) is used then one usefulchiral phosphine ligand is (S)-BINAP. Specific details using this chiralphosphine ligand are described in Example 1.7, Step B. Accordingly,either the E-isomer or the Z-isomer of Formula (IIh) can be utilized toprepare the compound of Formula (IIi).

Josiphos Family of Chiral Ligands

Examples of a Josiphos chiral ligand for use in the reducing step of thepresent invention include:(R)-(−)-1-[(S)-2-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl]ethyldi-t-butylphosphine;(R)-(−)-1-{(S)-2-[bis(3,5-dimethyl-4-methoxyphenyl)phosphino]ferrocenyl}ethyldicyclohexylphosphine;(R)-(−)-1-[(S)-2-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl]ethyldicyclohexylphosphine;(R)-(−)-1-[(S)-2-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl]ethyldi-3,5-xylylphosphine;and the like.

Mandyphos™ Family of Chiral Ligands

Examples of a Mandyphos™ chiral ligand for use in the reducing step ofthe present invention include:(S,S)-(+)-2,2′-bis[(R)—(N,N-dimethylamino)(phenyl)methyl]-1,1′-bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ferrocene;(S,S)-(−)-2,2′-bis[(R)—(N,N-dimethylamino)(phenyl)methyl]-1,1′-bis(di(3,5-dimethylphenyl)phosphino)ferrocene;(S,S)-(−)-2,2′-bis[(R)—(N,N-dimethylamino)(phenyl)methyl]-1,1′-bis[di(3,5-dimethyl-4-methoxyphenyl)phosphino]ferrocene;(S,S)-(−)-2,2′-bis[(R)—(N,N-dimethylamino)(phenyl)methyl]-1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene;and the like.

MeO-biPhep Family of Chiral Ligands

Examples of a MeO-biPhep chiral ligand for use in the reducing step ofthe present invention include:(R)-(+)-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-6,6′-dimethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl((R)-MeO-BIPHEP);(R)-(+)-2,2′-bis(di-isopropanolphosphino)-6,6′-dimethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl;(R)-(+)-2,2′-bis(di-p-tolylphosphino)-6,6′-dimethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl;(R)-(−)-2,2′-bis[di(3,5-di-isopropanol-4-dimethylaminophenyl)phosphino]-6,6′-dimethoxy-1,1′-biphenyl;and the like.

Duphos Family of Chiral Ligands

Examples of a MeO-biPhep chiral ligand for use in the reducing step ofthe present invention include:(−)-1,2-bis((2S,5S)-2,5-diethylphospholano)ethane ((S,S)-Et-BPE);(+)-1,2-bis((2R,5R)-2,5-di-isopropanolphospholano)benzene((R,R)-i-Pr-DUPHOS); (+)-1,2-bis((2S,5S)-2,5-diphenylphospholano)ethane((S,S)-Ph-BPE); (+)-1,2-bis((2R,5R)-2,5-dimethylphospholano)ethane((R,R)-Me-BPE); and the like.

BINAP Family of Chiral Ligands

Examples of a BINAP chiral ligand for use in the reducing step of thepresent invention include:(R)-(+)-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl ((R)-BINAP);(S)-BINAP;(R)-(+)-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-5,5′,6,6′,7,7′,8,8′-octahydro-1(1′-binaphthyl (R)—H8-BINAP);(R)-(+)-2,2′-bis(di-p-tolylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl ((R)-Tol-BINAP);(R)-(+)-2,2′-bis[di(3,5-xylyl)phosphino]-1,1′-binaphthyl((R)-3,5-xylyl-BINAP); and the like.

NorPhos Family of Chiral Ligands

An example of a NorPhos chiral ligand for use in the reducing step ofthe present invention includes:(2R,3R)-(−)-2,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene((R,R)—NORPHOS), and the like.

P-Phos Family of Chiral Ligands

Examples of a P-Phos chiral ligand for use in the reducing step of thepresent invention include:(R)-(+)-2,2′,6,6′-tetramethoxy-4,4′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-3,3′-bipyridine(TH-(R)—P-Phos);(R)-(+)-2,2′,6,6′-tetramethoxy-4,4′-bis(di(3,5-xylyl)phosphino)-3,3′-bipyridine(CTH-(R)-Xylyl-P-Phos); and the like.

Phanephos Family of Chiral Ligands

Examples of a Phanephos chiral ligand for use in the reducing step ofthe present invention include:(R)-(−)-4,12-bis(diphenylphosphino)-[2.2]-paracyclophane((R)-PHANEPHOS);(R)-(−)-4,12-bis(di(3,5-xylyl)phosphino)-[2.2]-paracyclophane, min(CTH-(R)-3,5-xylyl-PHANEPHOS); and the like.

SegPhos Family of Chiral Ligands

Examples of a SegPhos chiral ligand for use in the reducing step of thepresent invention include:(R)-(−)-5,5′-bis[di(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-methoxyphenyl)phosphino]-4,4′-bi-1,3-benzodioxole((R)-DTBM-SEGPHOS);(R)-(+)-5,5′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-4,4′-bi-1,3-benzodioxole((R)-SEGPHOS);(R)-(+)-5,5′-bis[di(3,5-xylyl)phosphino]-4,4′-bi-1,3-benzodioxole((R)-DM-SEGPHOS); and the like.

Other Chiral Ligands

Examples of other chiral ligands for use in the reducing step of thepresent invention include:(−)-2,3-bis[(2R,5R)-2,5-dimethylphospholanyl]-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione[catASium® MNXylF(R)];(−)-2,3-bis[(2R,5R)-2,5-dimethylphospholanyl]maleic anhydride [catASium®M(R)]; (3R,4R)-(+)-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1-benzylpyrrolidine [catASium®D(R)];(+)-{4-[(1R,4S)-3-(Diphenylphosphino)-1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-en-2-yl]-2,5-dimethyl-3-thien-3-yl}bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)phosphine[catASium® T3]; and [R,S,-TanIAphos].

Representative Examples of Cu-Catalysts

Examples of a copper catalyst for use in the reducing step of thepresent invention include: [(PPh₃P)CuH]₆ (Stryker's reagent); Ph₃PCuH;CuCl; (Ph₃P)CuF(EtOH)₂; Cu(OAc)₂H₂O; CuCl₂H₂O; [(3,5-xylyl)₃P]₂CuNO₃;CuOt-Bu; CuF₂; CuH N-heterocyclic carbene complexes; and the like.Copper catalysts comprising CuH N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexesare described in art, see for example, Herrmann, W. A., Angew. Chem.,Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 1290-1309.

Representative Examples of Hydride-Reagents

Examples of a hydride-reagent for use in the reducing step of thepresent invention include: poly(methylhydrosiloxane) (PMHS);tetramethyldisiloxane (TMDSO, TMDS); H₂; Et₃SH; PhSiH₃; PhMe₂SiH;Bu₃SnH; Ph₂Si₂H; and the like.

In some embodiments, the chiral phosphine ligand comprises a Josiphoschiral ligand, a Mandyphos™ chiral ligand, a MeO-biPhep chiral ligand, aMeO-biPhep chiral ligand, a BINAP chiral ligand, a NorPhos chiralligand, a P-Phos chiral ligand, a Phanephos chiral ligand, or a SegPhoschiral ligand.

Some embodiments of the present invention pertain to the preparation ofcompounds of Formula (IIi) using an E isomer of the compound of Formula(IIh). Suitable chiral phosphine ligands that can be used with the Eisomer include for example,(R)-(+)-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl;(R)-(+)-2,2′-bis[di(3,5-xylyl)phosphino]-1,1′-binaphthyl;(R)-(−)-5,5′-bis[di(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-methoxyphenyl)phosphino]-4,4′-bi-1,3-benzodioxole;(R)-(−)-1-[(S)-2-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl]ethyldi-tert-butylphosphine,and the like.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IIh) is of Formula(IIh)-E:

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IIh) is:

In some embodiments, the chiral phosphine ligand comprises:

-   (R)-(+)-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl;-   (R)-(+)-2,2′-bis[di(3,5-xylyl)phosphino]-1,1′-binaphthyl;-   (R)-(−)-5,5′-bis[di(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-methoxyphenyl)phosphino]-4,4′-bi-1,3-benzodioxole;    or-   (R)-(−)-1-[(S)-2-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl]ethyldi-tert-butylphosphine.

In some embodiments, the chiral phosphine ligand comprises(R)-(−)-1-[(S)-2-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl]ethyldi-tert-butylphosphine,and the like.

Some embodiments of the present invention pertain to the preparation ofcompounds of Formula (IIi) using a Z isomer of the compound of Formula(IIh). Suitable chiral phosphine ligands that can be used with the Zisomer include for example,(S)-(+)-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IIh) is of Formula(IIh)-Z:

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IIh) is:

In some embodiments, the chiral phosphine ligand comprises(S)-(+)-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl.

In some embodiments, the Cu-catalyst comprises [(PPh₃P)CuH]₆, Ph₃PCuH,CuCl, (Ph₃P)CuF.(EtOH)₂, Cu(OAc)₂.H₂O, CuCl₂.H₂O, [(3,5-xylyl)₃P]₂CuNO₃,CuOt-Bu, or CuF₂.

In some embodiments, the Cu-catalyst comprises Cu(OAc)₂.H₂O.

In some embodiments, the hydride-reagent comprisespoly(methylhydrosiloxane) (PMHS), tetramethyldisiloxane (TMDS), H₂,Et₃SH, PhSiH₃, PhMe₂SiH, Bu₃SnH, or Ph₂Si₂H.

In some embodiments, the hydride-reagent comprisespoly(methylhydrosiloxane) (PMHS).

In some embodiments, the reducing-step solvent comprises an aproticsolvent.

In some embodiments, the reducing-step solvent comprises tetrahydrofuran(THF), 2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, dibutyl ether,tert-butylmethyl ether, or tetrahydropyran.

In some embodiments, the reducing-step solvent comprises tetrahydrofuran(THF).

In some embodiments, the reducing step is conducted under asubstantially inert atmosphere.

In some embodiments, the reducing step is conducted under asubstantially inert atmosphere comprising argon or nitrogen.

In some embodiments, the reducing step is conducted under asubstantially inert atmosphere comprising nitrogen.

In some embodiments, the molar ratio between the compound of Formula(IIh) and the chiral phosphine ligand is about 150.0:1.0 to about250.0:1.0.

In some embodiments, the molar ratio between the compound of Formula(IIh) and the chiral phosphine ligand is about 200.0:1.0.

In some embodiments, the molar ratio between the compound of Formula(IIh) and the Cu-catalyst is about 150.0:1.0 to about 250.0:1.0.

In some embodiments, the molar ratio between the compound of Formula(IIh) and the Cu-catalyst is about 200.0:1.0.

In some embodiments, the molar ratio between the compound of Formula(IIh), the chiral phosphine ligand, and the Cu-catalyst is about200.0:1.0:1.0.

In some embodiments, the weight ratio between the compound of Formula(IIh) and the hydride-reagent is about 1.0:0.1 to about 1.0:3.0.

In some embodiments, the weight ratio between the compound of Formula(IIh) and the hydride-reagent is about 1.0:0.3 to about 1.0:1.5.

In some embodiments, the molar ratio between the compound of Formula(IIh) and the hydride-reagent is about 1.0:0.5.

In some embodiments, the reducing step further comprises the step of:

adding a first mixture comprising the chiral phosphine ligand, theCu-catalyst, and the reducing-step solvent, to a second mixturecomprising the compound of Formula (IIh) and the reducing-step solvent,to form a first reducing-step mixture.

In some embodiments, the second mixture comprising the compound ofFormula (IIh) and the reducing-step solvent is at a temperature of about−10° C. to about 25° C.

In some embodiments, the second mixture comprising the compound ofFormula (IIh) and the reducing-step solvent is at a temperature of about−5° C. to about 15° C.

In some embodiments, the second mixture comprising the compound ofFormula (IIh) and the reducing-step solvent is at a temperature of about5° C.

In some embodiments, the reducing step further comprises adding thesterically-hindered C₃-C₈ alkylalcohol to the first reducing-stepmixture to form a second reducing-step mixture.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises the step of treatingthe second reducing-step mixture with an aqueous mixture comprisingammonium chloride to form a bi-phasic reducing-step mixture.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises the step ofseparating the bi-phasic reducing-step mixture into an aqueous phasecomprising ammonium chloride and a third reducing-step mixture.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises the step ofconcentrating the third reducing-step mixture to isolate the compound ofFormula (IIi).

VI. Deprotecting Step

One aspect of the present invention pertains to processes for preparinga compound of Formula (IIj), or a salt thereof:

wherein R⁶ is C₁-C₄ alkyl;

comprising the step of:

deprotecting a compound of Formula (IIi):

wherein R⁶ is C₁-C₄ alkyl;

in the presence of hydrogen, a palladium catalyst, and adeprotecting-step solvent, to form the compound of Formula (IIj).

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently fromthe group consisting of H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, and C₁-C₄ alkoxy.

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently fromthe group consisting of H, CH₃, and OCH₃.

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each H.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃, ort-butyl.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, or CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is t-butyl.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IIi) is:

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IIj) is:

In some embodiments, the palladium catalyst comprises palladium oncarbon.

In some embodiments, the palladium catalyst comprises about 2% palladiumon carbon to about 10% palladium on carbon.

In some embodiments, the palladium catalyst comprises about 10%palladium on carbon.

In some embodiments, the deprotecting-step solvent comprises a suitablesolvent.

In some embodiments, the deprotecting-step solvent comprises methanol,ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, n-butanol, cyclohexane, pentane,hexane, tetrahydrofuran, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), acetone, ethylmethyl ketone, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, or isopropyl acetate.

In some embodiments, the deprotecting-step solvent comprises ethylacetate.

In some embodiments, the ethyl acetate is substantially free ofdissolved oxygen.

In some embodiments, the deprotecting step further comprises the stepof:

adding the palladium catalyst to a mixture comprising the compound ofFormula (IIi) and the deprotecting-step solvent to form a firstdeprotecting-step mixture.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises the step of:

treating the mixture comprising the compound of Formula (IIi) and thedeprotecting-step solvent with HCl prior to adding the palladiumcatalyst.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises the step of:

exposing the first deprotecting-step mixture to an atmosphere ofhydrogen to form a second deprotecting-step mixture.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises the step of:

exposing the first deprotecting-step mixture to an atmosphere ofhydrogen at a pressure of about 10 psi to about 70 psi to form a seconddeprotecting-step mixture.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises the step of:

exposing the first deprotecting-step mixture to an atmosphere ofhydrogen at a pressure of about 30 psi to about 60 psi to form a seconddeprotecting-step mixture.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises the step of:

exposing the first deprotecting-step mixture to an atmosphere ofhydrogen at a pressure of about 50 psi to form a seconddeprotecting-step mixture.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises the step of filteringthe second deprotecting-step mixture to form a third deprotecting-stepmixture.

In some embodiments, the third deprotecting-step mixture issubstantially free of the palladium catalyst.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises the step ofconcentrating the third deprotecting-step mixture to form a concentratecomprising the compound of Formula (IIj).

In some embodiments, the process further comprises the step of adding tosaid concentrate comprising said compound of Formula (IIj) a mixturecomprising methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and hexanes to form aprecipitate comprising said compound of Formula (IIj).

In some embodiments, the volume ratio between the methyl tert-butylether (MTBE) and the hexanes is about 1.0:2.0.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises the step of isolatingthe precipitate of the compound of Formula (IIj) from the mixturecomprising methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and hexanes.

In some embodiments, the isolating the precipitate of the compound ofFormula (IIj) comprises filtration.

VII. Alkylating Step

One aspect of the present invention pertains to processes for preparinga compound of Formula (IIm) or a salt thereof:

wherein R⁶ is C₁-C₄ alkyl;

comprising the step of:

alkylating the compound of Formula (IIj) or a salt thereof:

with 4-(chloromethyl)-1-isopropoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene of Formula(IIk):

in the presence of an alkylating-step base, and an alkylating-stepsolvent to form the compound of Formula (IIm).

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃, ort-butyl.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, or CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is t-butyl.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IIj) is:

or a salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the alkylating-step base comprises an inorganicbase.

In some embodiments, the alkylating-step base comprises a carbonatebase.

In some embodiments, the alkylating-step base comprises sodiumcarbonate, potassium carbonate, or cesium carbonate.

In some embodiments, the alkylating-step base comprises cesiumcarbonate.

In some embodiments, the alkylating-step solvent comprises an aproticsolvent.

In some embodiments, the alkylating-step solvent comprises acetone,2-butanone, dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylacetamide (DMA),tetrahydrofuran (THF), or acetonitrile.

In some embodiments, the alkylating-step solvent comprises acetonitrile.

In some embodiments, the alkylating-step solvent comprisesdimethylformamide (DMF).

In some embodiments, the alkylating-step solvent is substantially freeof water.

In some embodiments, the alkylating step is conducted under asubstantially inert atmosphere.

In some embodiments, the alkylating step is conducted under asubstantially inert atmosphere comprising argon or nitrogen.

In some embodiments, the alkylating step is conducted under asubstantially inert atmosphere comprising nitrogen.

In some embodiments, the molar ratio between the4-(chloromethyl)-1-isopropoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (Formula(IIk)), the compound of Formula (IIj) or a salt thereof, and thealkylating-step base is about 1.0:1.0:0.5 to about 2.0:1.0:3.0.

In some embodiments, the molar ratio between the4-(chloromethyl)-1-isopropoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (Formula(IIk)), the compound of Formula (IIj) or a salt thereof, and thealkylating-step base is about 1.0:1.0:1.0 to about 1.5:1.0:2.0.

In some embodiments, the molar ratio between the4-(chloromethyl)-1-isopropoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (Formula(IIk)), the compound of Formula (IIj) or a salt thereof, and thealkylating-step base is about 1.0:1.0:1.0 to about 1.2:1.0:1.5.

In some embodiments, the molar ratio between the4-(chloromethyl)-1-isopropoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (Formula(IIk)), the compound of Formula (IIj) or a salt thereof, and thealkylating-step base is about 1.0:1.0:1.3.

In some embodiments, the alkylating step is conducted at a temperatureof about 20° C. to about 80° C.

In some embodiments, the alkylating step is conducted at a temperatureof about 55° C. to about 75° C.

In some embodiments, the alkylating step is conducted at a temperatureof about 60° C. to about 70° C.

In some embodiments, the alkylating step is conducted at a temperatureof about 65° C.

In some embodiments, the alkylating step further comprises the step ofadding the 4-(chloromethyl)-1-isopropoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene(Formula (IIk)) to a mixture comprising the compound of Formula (IIj) ora salt thereof, the alkylating-step base, and the alkylating-stepsolvent to form an alkylating-step mixture.

In some embodiments, the adding the4-(chloromethyl)-1-isopropoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (Formula (IIk))to a mixture comprising the compound of Formula (IIj) or a salt thereof,the alkylating-step base, and the alkylating-step solvent is conductedat a temperature of about 20° C. to about 35° C.

In some embodiments, the alkylating-step mixture is maintained at atemperature of about 25° C. to about 80° C.

In some embodiments, the alkylating-step mixture is maintained at atemperature of about 55° C. to about 75° C.

In some embodiments, the alkylating-step mixture is maintained at atemperature of about 60° C. to about 70° C.

In some embodiments, the alkylating-step mixture is maintained at atemperature of about 65° C.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises the step of isolatingthe compound of Formula (IIm) from the alkylating-step mixture to form aconcentrate comprising the compound of Formula (IIm).

In some embodiments, the process further comprises the step of adding tosaid concentrate comprising said compound of Formula (IIm) a mixturecomprising methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and hexanes to form aprecipitate.

In some embodiments, the volume ratio between the methyl tert-butylether (MTBE) and the hexanes is about 1.0:1.0.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises the step of isolatingthe precipitate of the compound of Formula (IIm) from the mixturecomprising methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) and hexanes.

In some embodiments, the isolating the precipitate of the compound ofFormula (IIm) comprises filtration.

VIII. Chlorinating Step

One aspect of the present invention pertains to processes for preparinga compound of Formula (IIn):

wherein R⁶ is C₁-C₄ alkyl;

comprising the step of:

chlorinating a compound of Formula (IIm) or a salt thereof:

with a chlorinating agent in the presence of a chlorinating-step solventto form the compound of Formula (IIn).

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃, ort-butyl.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, or CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is t-butyl.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IIm):

or a salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the chlorinating agent comprises t-butylhypochlorite, chlorine (i.e, Cl₂), N-chlorosuccinamide (NCS), ortrichlorocyanuric acid (TCCA).

In some embodiments, the chlorinating agent comprisesN-chlorosuccinamide (NCS).

In some embodiments, the chlorinating-step solvent comprises methylenechloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, dimethylformamide (DMF),dimethylacetamide (DMA), tetrahydrofuran (THF), or acetonitrile.

In some embodiments, the chlorinating-step solvent comprises methylenechloride.

In some embodiments, the chlorinating step further comprises the step ofadding a mixture of the chlorinating agent and the chlorinating-stepsolvent to a mixture of the compound of Formula (IIm) or a salt thereofand the chlorinating-step solvent to form a chlorinating-step mixture.

In some embodiments, the mixture of the compound of Formula (IIm) or asalt thereof and the chlorinating-step solvent is at a temperature ofabout −20° C. to about 30° C.

In some embodiments, the mixture of the compound of Formula (IIm) or asalt thereof and the chlorinating-step solvent is at a temperature ofabout −15° C. to about 15° C.

In some embodiments, the mixture of the compound of Formula (IIm) or asalt thereof and the chlorinating-step solvent is at a temperature ofabout −10° C. to about 10° C.

In some embodiments, after addition of the mixture of the chlorinatingagent and the chlorinating-step solvent to a mixture of the compound ofFormula (IIm) or a salt thereof and the chlorinating-step solvent, thechlorinating-step mixture is at a temperature of about −10° C. to about30° C.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises the steps of treatingthe chlorinating-step mixture with an aqueous mixture of sodiumthiosulfate to form a chlorinating-step bi-phasic mixture.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises the step ofseparating the chlorinating-step bi-phasic mixture into an aqueous phasecomprising sodium thiosulfate and a second chlorinating-step mixture.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises the step ofconcentrating the second chlorinating-step mixture to isolate thecompound of Formula (IIn).

IX. Hydrolyzing Step

One aspect of the present invention pertains to processes for preparing(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid of Formula (Ia):

comprising the step of:

hydrolyzing a compound of Formula (IIn):

wherein R⁶ is C₁-C₄ alkyl;

in the presence of a hydrolyzing-step base and a hydrolyzing-stepsolvent to form the(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid (Formula (Ia)).

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃, ort-butyl.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, or CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is t-butyl.

In some embodiments, the hydrolyzing-step base is an alkali metalhydroxide.

In some embodiments, the hydrolyzing-step base is selected from thegroup consisting of lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, and potassiumhydroxide.

In some embodiments, the hydrolyzing-step base comprises sodiumhydroxide.

In some embodiments, the hydrolyzing-step base comprises potassiumhydroxide.

In some embodiments, the hydrolyzing-step solvent comprises dioxane,methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, or tetrahydrofuran.

In some embodiments, the hydrolyzing-step solvent comprises dioxane.

In some embodiments, the hydrolyzing-step solvent comprises methanol.

In some embodiments, the hydrolyzing-step solvent comprises dioxane,methanol, and water.

In some embodiments, the hydrolyzing step is conducted in the presenceof water.

In some embodiments, the hydrolyzing step is conducted at a temperatureof about 10° C. to about 40° C.

In some embodiments, the hydrolyzing step is conducted at a temperatureof about 15° C. to about 35° C.

In some embodiments, the hydrolyzing step is conducted at a temperatureof about 20° C. to about 30° C.

In some embodiments, the hydrolyzing step is conducted at a temperatureof about 25° C.

In some embodiments, the hydrolyzing step further comprises the step ofisolating the(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-ispropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid of Formula (Ia).

In some embodiments, isolating comprises filtration.

In some embodiments, after isolating,(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid of Formula (Ia) has an enantiomeric excess of about 95% or greater.

In some embodiments, after isolating,(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid of Formula (Ia) has an enantiomeric excess of about 97% or greater.

In some embodiments, after isolating,(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid of Formula (Ia) has an enantiomeric excess of about 98% or greater.

X. Contacting Step

One aspect of the present invention pertains to processes for preparingan L-lysine salt of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid of Formula (Ia):

comprising the step of:

contacting the(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid with L-lysine or a salt thereof, in the presence of acontacting-step solvent and H₂O to form the L-lysine salt of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid of Formula (Ia).

In some embodiments, the contacting-step solvent comprises a suitablesolvent.

In some embodiments, the contacting-step solvent comprises an aproticsolvent.

In some embodiments, the contacting-step solvent comprises acetonitrile,tetrahydrofuran, acetone, or ethyl acetate.

In some embodiments, the contacting-step solvent comprises acetonitrile.

In some embodiments, the contacting-step solvent comprises a proticsolvent.

In some embodiments, the contacting-step solvent comprises a C₁-C₆alcohol.

In some embodiments, the contacting-step solvent comprises ethanol orisopropanol.

In some embodiments, the contacting step is conducted under asubstantially inert atmosphere.

In some embodiments, the contacting step is conducted under asubstantially inert atmosphere comprising argon or nitrogen.

In some embodiments, the contacting step is conducted under asubstantially inert atmosphere comprising nitrogen.

In some embodiments, the molar ratio between the(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid and L-lysine is about 1.0:1.0 to about 1.0:1.2.

In some embodiments, the molar ratio between the(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid and L-lysine is about 1.0:1.0.

In some embodiments, the contacting step further comprises the step ofadding an aqueous solution of L-lysine to a first contacting mixturecomprising the(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid and the contacting solvent to form a second contacting mixture.

In some embodiments, the first contacting mixture is at a temperature ofabout 50° C. to about 80° C.

In some embodiments, the first contacting mixture is at a temperature ofabout 60° C. to about 75° C.

In some embodiments, the first contacting mixture is at a temperature ofabout 65° C. to about 75° C.

In some embodiments, the first contacting mixture is at a temperature ofabout 70° C.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises the steps of coolingthe second contacting mixture and crystallizing the L-lysine salt of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid.

In some embodiments, the process further comprises the step of isolatingthe L-lysine salt of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid.

In some embodiments, isolating comprises filtration.

In some embodiments, after isolating, the L-lysine salt of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid has a purity of about 95% or greater.

In some embodiments, after isolating, the L-lysine salt of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid has a purity of about 97% or greater.

In some embodiments, after isolating, the L-lysine salt of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid has a purity of about 99% or greater.

In some embodiments, after isolating, the L-lysine salt of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid has an enantiomeric excess of about 95% or greater.

In some embodiments, after isolating, the L-lysine salt of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid has an enantiomeric excess of about 97% or greater.

In some embodiments, after isolating, the L-lysine salt of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid has an enantiomeric excess of about 99% or greater.

XI. Processes Related to Intermediate4-(Chloromethyl)-1-Isopropoxy-2-(Trifluoromethyl)Benzene of Formula(IIk)

One aspect of the present invention pertains to processes for preparing4-(chloromethyl)-1-isopropoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene of Formula(IIk):

comprising the following steps:

a) adding isopropanol to 4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile ofFormula (IIIb):

in the presence of an adding-step base and an adding-step solvent, toform 4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile of Formula (IIIc):

b) hydrolyzing the 4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile ofFormula (IIIc) in the presence of a hydrolyzing-step hydroxide base, ahydrolyzing-step solvent, and water, to form4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid of Formula (IIId) or saltthereof:

c) reducing the 4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid of Formula(IIId) or salt thereof, in the presence of a reducing agent, and areducing-step solvent, to form(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methanol of Formula (IIIe):

andd) chlorinating the (4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methanol ofFormula (IIIe) in the presence of a chlorinating agent, and achlorinating-step solvent, to form the4-(chloromethyl)-1-isopropoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene of Formula(IIk).

In some embodiments, the adding-step base comprises an alkali-metalC₃-C₈ alkyloxide.

In some embodiments, the adding-step base comprises an alkali-metalpropan-2-olate, an alkali-metal 2-methylpropan-2-olate, an alkali-metal2-methylbutan-2-olate, an alkali-metal 2,3-dimethylbutan-2-olate, analkali-metal 2,3,3-trimethylbutan-2-olate, an alkali-metal3-methylpentan-3-olate, or an alkali-metal 3-ethylpentan-3-olate. Insome embodiments, the alkali-metal is lithium, sodium, or potassium.

In some embodiments, the adding-step base comprises potassiumpropan-2-olate, potassium 2-methylpropan-2-olate, potassium2-methylbutan-2-olate, potassium 2,3-dimethylbutan-2-olate, potassium2,3,3-trimethylbutan-2-olate, potassium 3-methylpentan-3-olate, orpotassium 3-ethylpentan-3-olate.

In some embodiments, the adding-step base comprises potassium2-methylpropan-2-olate.

In some embodiments, the adding-step solvent comprises an aproticsolvent.

In some embodiments, the adding-step solvent comprises tetrahydrofuran(THF), 2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, dibutyl ether,tert-butylmethyl ether, or tetrahydropyran.

In some embodiments, the adding-step solvent comprises tetrahydrofuran(THF).

In some embodiments, the adding-step solvent is substantially free ofwater.

In some embodiments, the adding-step is conducted under a substantiallyinert atmosphere.

In some embodiments, the adding-step is conducted under a substantiallyinert atmosphere comprising argon or nitrogen.

In some embodiments, the adding-step is conducted under an atmospherecomprising substantially nitrogen.

In some embodiments, the adding-step further comprises the step of:

adding a mixture comprising adding-step base and the adding-step solventto a mixture comprising the isopropanol, the4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile of Formula (IIIb), and theadding-step solvent, to form an adding-step mixture.

In some embodiments, the mixture comprising the isopropanol, the4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile of Formula (IIIb), and theadding-step solvent is at a temperature of about −10° C. to about 10° C.

In some embodiments, the adding-step mixture is at a temperature ofabout −10° C. to about 35° C.

In some embodiments, the adding-step mixture is at a temperature ofabout 0° C. to about 35° C.

In some embodiments, the adding-step mixture is at a temperature ofabout 15° C. to about 35° C.

In some embodiments, the adding-step further comprises the step of:

quenching the adding-step mixture with water to form a bi-phasic mixturecomprising 4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile of Formula(IIIc).

In some embodiments, the adding-step further comprises the step of:

separating the bi-phasic mixture comprising the4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile of Formula (IIIc) into anaqueous phase and an organic phase comprising4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile of Formula (IIIc).

In some embodiments, the adding-step further comprises the step ofisolating the 4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile of Formula(IIIc) from the organic phase comprising4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile of Formula (IIIc).

In some embodiments, the hydrolyzing-step hydroxide base compriseslithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, or potassium hydroxide.

In some embodiments, the hydrolyzing-step hydroxide base comprisessodium hydroxide.

In some embodiments, the hydrolyzing-step solvent comprises a C₁-C₄alkylalcohol.

In some embodiments, the hydrolyzing-step solvent comprises methanol,ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, or n-butanol.

In some embodiments, the hydrolyzing-step solvent comprises ethanol.

In some embodiments, the hydrolyzing-step further comprises the step of:

adding an aqueous mixture of the hydrolyzing-step hydroxide base to amixture comprising the 4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile ofFormula (IIIc) and the hydrolyzing-step solvent, to form ahydrolyzing-step mixture.

In some embodiments, the hydrolyzing-step mixture is at a temperature ofabout 20° C. to about 90° C.

In some embodiments, the hydrolyzing-step mixture is at a temperature ofabout 40° C. to about 85° C.

In some embodiments, the hydrolyzing-step mixture is at a temperature ofabout 60° C. to about 80° C.

In some embodiments, the hydrolyzing-step further comprises the step of:

concentrating the hydrolyzing-step mixture to form a concentratecomprising the 4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid of Formula(IIId) or salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the hydrolyzing-step further comprises the step of:

treating the concentrate comprising the4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid of Formula (IIId) or saltthereof, with a Brønsted acid to form a suspension comprising the4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid of Formula (IIId) or saltthereof.

In some embodiments, the Brønsted acid comprises aqueous HCl.

In some embodiments, the hydrolyzing-step further comprises the step ofisolating the 4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid of Formula(IIId) or salt thereof from the suspension comprising the4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid of Formula (IIId) or saltthereof.

In some embodiments, the isolating the4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid of Formula (IIId) or saltthereof, is conducted by filtration.

In some embodiments, the reducing-step agent comprises BH₃ or lithiumaluminium hydride (LAH).

In some embodiments, the reducing-step agent comprises BH₃.

In some embodiments, the reducing-step agent comprises BH₃.THF orBH₃.S(CH₃)₂.

In some embodiments, the reducing-step solvent comprises tetrahydrofuran(THF), 2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, dibutyl ether,tert-butylmethyl ether, or tetrahydropyran.

In some embodiments, the reducing-step solvent comprises tetrahydrofuran(THF).

In some embodiments, the reducing-step further comprises the step of:

adding a mixture comprising the reducing-step agent and thereducing-step solvent to a mixture comprising the4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid of Formula (IIId) or saltthereof, and the reducing-step solvent, to form a first reducing-stepmixture.

In some embodiments, the mixture comprising the4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid of Formula (IIId) and thereducing-step solvent is at a temperature of about −15° C. to about 15°C.

In some embodiments, the mixture comprising the4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid of Formula (IIId) and thereducing-step solvent is at a temperature of about −5° C. to about 5° C.

In some embodiments, the reducing-step further comprises the step ofwarming the first reducing-step mixture to a temperature of about 20° C.to about 35° C.

In some embodiments, the reducing-step further comprises the step ofwarming the first reducing-step mixture to a temperature of about 20° C.to about 30° C.

In some embodiments, the reducing-step further comprises the step ofwarming the first reducing-step mixture to a temperature of about 25° C.

In some embodiments, the reducing-step further comprises the step of:

quenching the first reducing-step mixture with a C₁-C₄ alkylalcohol, ora Brønsted acid, or both, to form a second reducing-step mixturecomprising the (4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methanol ofFormula (IIIe).

In some embodiments, the C₁-C₄ alkylalcohol comprises methanol, ethanol,n-propanol, isopropanol, or n-butanol.

In some embodiments, the C₁-C₄ alkylalcohol comprises methanol.

In some embodiments, the Brønsted acid comprises HCl.

In some embodiments, the Brønsted acid comprises aqueous HCl.

In some embodiments, the step of isolating the(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methanol of Formula (IIIe) fromthe second reducing-step mixture.

In some embodiments, the chlorinating-step agent comprises thionylchloride, trichlorocyanuric acid (TCCA), oxalyl chloride, oxalylchloride/DMF, PPh₃/Cl₃CC(O)CCl₃, or PPh₃/Cl₃CN.

In some embodiments, the chlorinating-step agent comprises thionylchloride.

In some embodiments, the chlorinating-step solvent comprises toluene,benzene, methylene chloride, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran (THF),2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, dibutyl ether, tert-butylmethylether, or tetrahydropyran.

In some embodiments, the chlorinating-step solvent comprises toluene.

In some embodiments, the chlorinating-step further comprises the stepof:

adding the chlorinating-step agent to a mixture comprising the(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methanol of Formula (IIIe) andthe chlorinating-step solvent to form a first chlorinating-step mixture.

In some embodiments, the first chlorinating-step mixture is at atemperature of about 10° C. to about 55° C.

In some embodiments, the first chlorinating-step mixture is at atemperature of about 15° C. to about 45° C.

In some embodiments, the first chlorinating-step mixture is at atemperature of about 20° C. to about 35° C.

In some embodiments, the chlorinating-step further comprises the stepof:

concentrating the first chlorinating-step mixture to form a secondchlorinating-step mixture comprising the4-(chloromethyl)-1-isopropoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene of Formula(IIk).

In some embodiments, the chlorinating-step further comprises the step oftreating the second chlorinating-step mixture comprising the4-(chloromethyl)-1-isopropoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene of Formula(IIk) with a chlorinating-step base.

In some embodiments, the chlorinating-step further comprises the step ofisolating the 4-(chloromethyl)-1-isopropoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzeneof Formula (IIk).

In some embodiments, the isolating the4-(chloromethyl)-1-isopropoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene of Formula(IIk) comprises distillation.

In some embodiments, the isolating the4-(chloromethyl)-1-isopropoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene of Formula(IIk) comprises distillation, wherein the4-(chloromethyl)-1-isopropoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene of Formula(IIk) distills at a temperature of about 80° C. to about 90° C. under avacuum of about 0.1 mTorr.

Uses and Intermediates

One aspect of the present invention provides, inter alia, intermediatesprepared by any of the processes described herein.

The present invention further provides pharmaceutical compositionscomprising compounds prepared by any of the processes as describedherein.

The present invention further provides processes of preparing apharmaceutical composition comprising admixing compound of Formula (Ia)or a salt thereof with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, whereinthe compound of Formula (Ia) or a salt thereof is prepared by any of theprocesses as described herein.

The present invention further provides intermediates, as describedherein, for use in processes for preparing pharmaceutical compositionsfor treating an S1P1 receptor-associated disorder in an individual.

The present invention further provides uses of compounds, as describedherein, in processes for preparing pharmaceutical compositions fortreating an S1P1 receptor-associated disorder.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds represented byany of the formulae described herein.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds represented byany of the formulae described herein for use in a process for preparinga pharmaceutical composition for treating an S1P1 receptor-associateddisorder in an individual.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds represented byany of the formulae described herein prepared according to any of theprocesses described herein.

One aspect of the present invention pertains to compounds represented byany of the formulae described herein prepared according to any of theprocesses described herein, for use in a process for preparing apharmaceutical composition for treating an S1P1 receptor-associateddisorder in an individual.

The present invention further provides intermediates that are useful inthe preparation of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid of Formula (Ia), salts, and crystalline forms thereof.

1) Compounds of Formula (IIe)

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a compound of Formula(IIe):

wherein R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently from the groupconsisting of H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, halogen, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl,C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, and nitro; R⁵ is C₁-C₄ alkyl; and M is potassium.

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently fromthe group consisting of H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, and C₁-C₄ alkoxy.

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently fromthe group consisting of H, CH₃, and OCH₃.

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently fromthe group consisting of H, OCH(CH₃)₂, and CF₃.

In some embodiments, R¹ is H.

In some embodiments, R² is OCH(CH₃)₂.

In some embodiments, R³ is CF₃.

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each H.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, or CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is CH₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IIe) is:

2) Compounds of Formula (IIh)

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a compound of Formula(IIh), or a salt thereof:

wherein R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently from the groupconsisting of H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, halogen, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl,C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, and nitro; and R⁶ is C₁-C₄ alkyl.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IIh) is of Formula(IIh)-E:

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IIh) is of Formula(IIh)-Z:

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently fromthe group consisting of H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, and C₁-C₄ alkoxy.

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently fromthe group consisting of H, CH₃, and OCH₃.

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each H.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃, ort-butyl.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, or CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is t-butyl.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IIh) is:

-   -   or a salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IIh) is:

-   -   or a salt thereof.

3) Compounds of Formula (IIi)

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a compound of Formula(IIi):

wherein R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently from the groupconsisting of H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, C₁-C₄ alkoxy, halogen, C₁-C₄ haloalkyl,C₁-C₄ haloalkoxy, and nitro; and R⁶ is C₁-C₄ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently fromthe group consisting of H, C₁-C₄ alkyl, and C₁-C₄ alkoxy.

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each selected independently fromthe group consisting of H, CH₃, and OCH₃.

In some embodiments, R¹, R², and R³ are each H.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃, ort-butyl.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, or CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is t-butyl.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IIh) is:

-   -   or a salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IIh) is:

-   -   or a salt thereof.

3) Compounds of Formula (IIj)

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a compound of Formula(IIj), or a salt thereof:

wherein R⁶ is C₁-C₄ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃, ort-butyl.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, or CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is t-butyl.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IIj) is:

-   -   or a salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IIj) is:

-   -   or a salt thereof.

4) Compounds of Formula (IIm)

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a compound of Formula(IIm) or a salt thereof:

wherein R⁶ is C₁-C₄ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃, ort-butyl.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, or CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is t-butyl.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IIm) is:

-   -   or a salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IIm) is:

-   -   or a salt thereof.

5) Compounds of Formula (IIn)

One aspect of the present invention pertains to a compound of Formula(IIn) or a salt thereof:

wherein R⁶ is C₁-C₄ alkyl.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃, ort-butyl.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₃, CH₂CH₃, CH₂CH₂CH₃, or CH₂(CH₂)₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is CH₂CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁶ is t-butyl.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IIn) is:

-   -   or a salt thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound of Formula (IIn) is:

-   -   or a salt thereof.

Other Utilities

Another object of the present invention relates to radio-labeledcompounds of the present invention that would be useful not only inradio-imaging but also in assays, both in vitro and in vivo, forlocalizing and quantitating the S1P1 receptor in tissue samples,including human and for identifying S1P1 receptor ligands by inhibitionbinding of a radio-labeled compound. It is a further object of thisinvention to develop novel S1P1 receptor assays of which comprise suchradio-labeled compounds.

The present invention embraces isotopically-labeled compounds of thepresent invention. Isotopically or radio-labeled compounds are thosewhich are identical to compounds disclosed herein, but for the fact thatone or more atoms are replaced or substituted by an atom having anatomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass numbermost commonly found in nature. Suitable radionuclides that may beincorporated in compounds of the present invention include but are notlimited to ²H (also written as D for deuterium), ³H (also written as Tfor tritium), ¹¹C, ¹³C, ¹⁴C, ¹³N, ¹⁵N, ¹⁵O, ¹⁷O, ¹⁸O, ¹⁸F, ³⁵S, ³⁶Cl,⁷⁵Br, ⁷⁶Br, ⁷⁷Br, ⁸²Br, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹²⁵I and ¹³¹I. The radionuclide thatis incorporated in the instant radio-labeled compounds will depend onthe specific application of that radio-labeled compound. For example,for in vitro S1P1 receptor labeling and competition assays, compoundsthat incorporate ³H, ¹⁴C, 82Br, ¹²⁵I ¹³¹I or ³⁵S will generally be mostuseful. For radio-imaging applications ¹¹C, ¹⁸F, ¹²⁵I, ¹²³I, ¹²⁴I, ¹³¹I,⁷⁵Br, 76Br or ⁷⁷Br will generally be most useful.

It is understood that a “radio-labeled” or “labeled compound” is acompound of Formula (a), (Ia), (IIb), (IIc), (IId), (IIe), (IIe), (IIf),(IIg), (IIh), (IIi), (IIj), (IIm), (IIIb), (IIIc), (IIId), or (IIIe)that has incorporated at least one radionuclide; in some embodiments theradionuclide is selected from the group consisting of ³H, ¹⁴C, ¹²⁵I, ³⁵Sand ⁸²Br.

Certain isotopically-labeled compounds of the present invention areuseful in compound and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. In someembodiments the radionuclide ³H and/or ¹⁴C isotopes are useful in thesestudies. Further, substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium(i.e., ²H) may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting fromgreater metabolic stability (e.g., increased in vivo half-life orreduced dosage requirements) and hence may be preferred in somecircumstances. Isotopically labeled compounds of the present inventioncan generally be prepared by following procedures analogous to thosedisclosed in the Schemes and Examples herein by substituting anisotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent.Other synthetic methods that are useful are discussed infra. Moreover,it should be understood that all of the atoms represented in thecompounds of the invention can be either the most commonly occurringisotope of such atoms or the scarcer radio-isotope or nonradioactiveisotope.

Synthetic methods for incorporating radio-isotopes into organiccompounds are applicable to compounds of the invention and are wellknown in the art. These synthetic methods, for example, incorporatingactivity levels of tritium into target molecules, are as follows:

A. Catalytic Reduction with Tritium Gas: This procedure normally yieldshigh specific activity products and requires halogenated or unsaturatedprecursors.

B. Reduction with Sodium Borohydride [³H]: This procedure is ratherinexpensive and requires precursors containing reducible functionalgroups such as aldehydes, ketones, lactones, esters and the like.

C. Reduction with Lithium Aluminum Hydride [³H]: This procedure offersproducts at almost theoretical specific activities. It also requiresprecursors containing reducible functional groups such as aldehydes,ketones, lactones, esters and the like.

D. Tritium Gas Exposure Labeling: This procedure involves exposingprecursors containing exchangeable protons to tritium gas in thepresence of a suitable catalyst.

E. N-Methylation using Methyl Iodide [³H]: This procedure is usuallyemployed to prepare O-methyl or N-methyl (³H) products by treatingappropriate precursors with high specific activity methyl iodide (³H).This method in general allows for higher specific activity, such as forexample, about 70-90 Ci/mmol.

Synthetic methods for incorporating activity levels of ¹²⁵I into targetmolecules include:

A. Sandmeyer and like reactions: This procedure transforms an aryl amineor a heteroaryl amine into a diazonium salt, such as a diazoniumtetrafluoroborate salt and subsequently to ¹²⁵I labeled compound usingNa¹²⁵I. A represented procedure was reported by Zhu, G-D. and co-workersin J. Org. Chem., 2002, 67, 943-948.

B. Ortho ¹²⁵Iodination of phenols: This procedure allows for theincorporation of ¹²⁵I at the ortho position of a phenol as reported byCollier, T. L. and co-workers in J. Labelled Compd. Radiopharm., 1999,42, S264-S266.

C. Aryl and heteroaryl bromide exchange with ¹²⁵I: This method isgenerally a two step process. The first step is the conversion of thearyl or heteroaryl bromide to the corresponding tri-alkyltinintermediate using for example, a Pd catalyzed reaction [i.e. Pd(Ph₃P)₄]or through an aryl or heteroaryl lithium, in the presence of atri-alkyltinhalide or hexaalkylditin [e.g., (CH₃)₃SnSn(CH₃)₃]. Arepresentative procedure was reported by Le Bas, M.-D. and co-workers inJ. Labelled Compd. Radiopharm. 2001, 44, S280-S282.

A radiolabeled S1P1 receptor compound of Formula (Ia) can be used in ascreening assay to identify/evaluate compounds. In general terms, anewly synthesized or identified compound (i.e., test compound) can beevaluated for its ability to reduce binding of the “radio-labeledcompound of Formula (Ia)” to the S1P1 receptor. Accordingly, the abilityof a test compound to compete with the “radio-labeled compound ofFormula (Ia)” for the binding to the S1P1 receptor directly correlatesto its binding affinity.

The labeled compounds of the present invention bind to the S1P1receptor. In one embodiment the labeled compound has an IC₅₀ less thanabout 500 μM, in another embodiment the labeled compound has an IC₅₀less than about 100 μM, in yet another embodiment the labeled compoundhas an IC₅₀ less than about 10 μM, in yet another embodiment the labeledcompound has an IC₅₀ less than about 1 μM and in still yet anotherembodiment the labeled inhibitor has an IC₅₀ less than about 0.1 μM.

Other uses of the disclosed receptors and methods will become apparentto those skilled in the art based upon, inter alia, a review of thisdisclosure.

As will be recognized, the steps of the methods of the present inventionneed not be performed any particular number of times or in anyparticular sequence. Additional objects, advantages and novel featuresof this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art uponexamination of the following examples thereof, which are intended to beillustrative and not intended to be limiting.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Syntheses of Compounds of the Present Invention

The compounds of the invention and their syntheses are furtherillustrated by the following examples. The following examples areprovided to further define the invention without, however, limiting theinvention to the particulars of these examples. The compounds describedherein, supra and infra, are named according to the CS ChemDraw UltraVersion 7.0.1, AutoNom version 2.2, or CS ChemDraw Ultra Version 9.0.7.In certain instances common names are used and it is understood thatthese common names would be recognized by those skilled in the art.

Chemistry:

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectra were recorded on aBruker Avance-400 equipped with a QNP (Quad Nucleus Probe) or a BBI(Broad Band Inverse) and z-gradient. Chemical shifts are given in partsper million (ppm) with the residual solvent signal used as reference.NMR abbreviations are used as follows: s=singlet, d=doublet, dd=doubletof doublets, ddd=doublet of doublet of doublets, dt=doublet of triplets,t=triplet, td=triplet of doublets, tt=triplet of triplets, q=quartet,m=multiplet, bs=broad singlet, bt=broad triplet, sep=septet. Microwaveirradiations were carried out using a Smith Synthesizer™ or an EmrysOptimizer™ (Biotage). Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) was performed onsilica gel 60 F₂₅₄ (Merck), preparatory thin-layer chromatography (prepTLC) was preformed on PK6F silica gel 60 A 1 mm plates (Whatman) andcolumn chromatography was carried out on a silica gel column usingKieselgel 60, 0.063-0.200 mm (Merck). Evaporation was done under reducedpressure on a Biichi rotary evaporator.

LCMS spec: HPLC-pumps: LC-10AD VP, Shimadzu Inc.; HPLC systemcontroller: SCL-10A VP, Shimadzu Inc; UV-Detector: SPD-10A VP, ShimadzuInc; Autosampler: CTC HTS, PAL, Leap Scientific; Mass spectrometer: API150EX with Turbo Ion Spray source, AB/MDS Sciex; Software: Analyst 1.2.

Example 1.1 Preparation of4-(Chloromethyl)-1-isopropoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl) benzene Step A:Preparation of 4-Isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile

To a solution of 4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (154 g, 814mmol) in THF (1.5 L) was added isopropanol (73.4 g, 1.22 mol). Thereaction flask was purged with N₂ and cooled in an ice bath (1.5° C.internal temperature). t-BuOK (1.0 M in THF, 847 mL, 847 mmol) was addedslowly over 10 minutes via addition funnel (slight exotherm to 31° C.was observed) and let stir at that temperature for 30 min (tempdecreased to 18° C. during this time). The ice bath was removed andallowed to stir at room temperature until starting material was consumedas observed by LC/MS (˜20 min). The resulting mixture was quenched withwater (500 mL) and the layers were separated. The organic layer wasconcentrated and the aqueous layer was extracted with MTBE (1 L). Theorganics were combined and washed with H₂O (750 mL) and brine (750 mL).Dried organics over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated to give4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (183 g, 798 mmol, 98%yield) as a yellow solid. Exact mass calculated for C₁₁H₁₀F₃NO: 229.1.found: LCMS m/z=230.2, [M+H+]; 1′H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 1.41 (d,J=6.1 Hz, 6H), 4.73 (sep, J=6.1 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.75(dd, J₁=8.7, J₂=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.85 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H).

Step B: Preparation of 4-Isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid

To a solution of 4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile (183 g,798 mmol) in EtOH (1 L) was added 5 N NaOH (559 mL, 2.80 mol). Thereaction mixture was heated to 80° C. for 18 h. Volatiles were removedin vacuo and 3 N HCl was added until the mixture was acidic. Aprecipitate formed that was collected by vacuum filtration. The solidwas washed with water and hexanes. The solid was dissolved in EtOAc anddried over MgSO₄ to give 4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid(191 g, 770 mmol, 96% yield) as a white solid. Exact mass calculated forCl₁₁H₁₁F₃O₃: 248.1. found: LCMS m/z=249.3, [M+H+]; ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ ppm 1.41 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 6H), 4.76 (sep, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (d,J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 8.22 (dd, J₁=8.8, J₂=2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.33 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H).

Step C: Preparation of (4-Isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methanol

To a solution of 4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid (191 g,770 mmol) in THF (2 L) at 0° C. in a 5-L round bottomed flask under N₂was added BH₃ THF (1M solution in THF, 1.08 L, 1.08 mol) slowly over 15min. The mixture was allowed to stir at 0° C. for 30 min at which timethe ice bath was removed and the reaction warmed to room temperature.The reaction was quenched with MeOH (80.0 mL, 506 mmol) followed by aq.HCl (1 M, 1000 mL, 1000 mmol) (slight exotherm to 36° C. was observed).The volatile organics were removed in vacuo and the aqueous phase wasextracted with EtOAc (2×1 L). The organic layers were combined andwashed with sat. NaHCO₃ (750 mL) and brine (750 mL). Dried organics overMgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated to give(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methanol (181 g, 763 mmol, 99%yield) as a clear oil. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 1.37 (d, J=6.1 Hz,6H), 1.66 (s, 1H) 4.59-4.69 (m, 3H), 6.99 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (dd,J₁=8.5, J₂=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H).

Step D: Preparation of4-(Chloromethyl)-1-isopropoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene

To a solution of (4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)methanol (181g, 773 mmol) in toluene (1 L) was added SOCl₂ (338 mL, 4637 mmol)(slight exotherm to 35° C. after addition of SOCl₂) and was stirredovernight in a 2-L round bottomed flask. The reaction mixture wasconcentrated in vacuo and diluted with hexanes (1 L). The solution waswashed with sat. NaHCO₃ (2×750 mL), dried over MgSO₄, and filtered. Thesolvents were removed under reduced pressure to give4-(chloromethyl)-1-isopropoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (194 g, 768mmol, 99% yield) as an orange oil. Optionally the product can be furtherpurified by distillation (bp=85° C. at 0.1 mTorr) to obtain a clear oil.¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 1.37 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 6H), 4.56 (s, 2H) 4.65(sep, J=6.1 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (dd, J₁=8.6, J₂=2.3Hz, 1H), 7.57 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H).

Example 1.2 Preparation of tert-Butyl2-methyl-4-(triisocarpropylsilyloxy)phenylcarbamate Step A: Preparationof 2-Methyl-4-(triisopropylsilyloxy)aniline

To a solution of 4-amino-3-methylphenol (75.0 g, 609 mmol) in THF (1.5L) was added imidazole (83 g, 1.22 mol). The reaction was cooled to 0°C. and triisopropylsilyl chloride (123 mL, 579 mmol) was added. Thereaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature, stirred for 3h, diluted with MTBE (1.5 L) and filtered. The filtrate was washed withwater (1.0 L). The aqueous phase was back-extracted with MTBE (500 mL).The organics were combined, washed with 0.5 N NaOH (2×500 mL), brine(500 mL), and dried over MgSO₄. The organics were filtered andconcentrated to give 2-methyl-4-(triisopropylsilyloxy)aniline (135 g,482 mmol, 83% yield) as a red oil. Exact mass calculated for C₁₆H₂₉NOSi:279.2. found: LCMS m/z=280.5, [M+H+]; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 1.09(d, J=7.0 Hz, 18H), 1.21 (m, 3H), 2.12 (s, 3H), 3.31 (bs, 2H), 6.53 (d,J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.57 (dd, J₁=8.4, J₂=2.7 Hz, 1H), 6.62 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H).

Step B: Preparation of tert-Butyl2-methyl-4-(triisopropylsilyloxy)phenylcarbamate

To a solution of 2-methyl-4-(triisopropylsilyloxy)aniline (130 g, 465mmol) in THF (1.0 L) was added di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (102 g, 465mmol). The resulting reaction mixture was allowed to stir overnight atroom temperature and N,N,N′-trimethylethylenediamine (10 mL) was addedand stirred for 30 minutes. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo toapproximately half the total volume and diluted with MTBE (1.0 L). Theresulting mixture was washed with 1 N HCl (2×500 mL), brine (500 mL),dried over MgSO₄, and filtered. The mixture was concentrated andpurified with silica gel plug filtration (hexanes) and concentrated togive tert-butyl 2-methyl-4-(triisopropylsilyloxy)phenylcarbamate (100 g,263 mmol, 56.6% yield) as a red oil in approx. 90% purity (¹H NMR).Exact mass calculated for C₂₁H₃₇NO₃Si: 379.3. found: LCMS m/z=380.4,[M+H+]; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 1.09 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 18H), 1.23 (m,3H), 1.50 (s, 9H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 6.05 (bs, 1H), 6.69 (m, 2H), 7.44 (m,1H).

Example 1.3 Preparation of (R)-4-tert-Butyl 1-methyl2-(2-(benzyloxy)ethyl)succinate Step A: Preparation of(R)-2-(2-(Benzyloxy)ethyl)-4-tert-butoxy-4-oxobutanoic acid

To a solution of (S)-4-benzyl-3-(4-(benzyloxy)butanoyl)oxazolidin-2-one(170 g, 482 mmol) in THF (1.0 L) at −78° C. was added LiHMDS (1.0 M inTHF, 530 mL, 530 mmol) over 10 minutes via cannula. After stirring for 1h at −78° C. tert-butyl bromoacetate (82.0 mL, 554 mmol) was addedslowly over 45 min via syringe pump. The mixture was slowly allowed towarm to room temperature overnight. The reaction mixture was quenchedwith sat. ammonium chloride (300 mL) and stirred for 10 min, dilutedfurther with H₂O (500 mL), and extracted with MTBE (1.0 L). The organiclayer was isolated, treated with N,N,N′-trimethylethylenediamine (5 mL)and shaken for 2 min in order to remove excess tert-butyl bromoacetate.The mixture was washed with 1 N HCl (2×750 mL), and brine (1.0 L). Theorganics were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated to give 262 gof crude (R)-tert-butyl3-((S)-4-benzyl-2-oxooxazolidine-3-carbonyl)-5-(benzyloxy)pentanoate.

To a solution of the (R)-tert-butyl3-((S)-4-benzyl-2-oxooxazolidine-3-carbonyl)-5-(benzyloxy)pentanoate inTHF:H₂O (4:1, 3.0 L) was added 30% aq. H₂O₂ (230 mL) at 0° C. over 20min. To the mixture was added lithium hydroxide monohydrate (31.0 g, 738mmol) in H₂O (300 mL), warmed to room temperature, and stirredovernight. The mixture was cooled to 0° C. and sodium sulfite (264 g,2.10 mol) suspended in water (350 mL) was added in portions over 20 min(CAUTION-exotherm!). The mixture was stirred for 1.0 h and acidified topH 5 with 2 N HCl. The mixture was concentrated to remove THF and reducethe volume. The resulting mixture was diluted with MTBE (1.0 L), theorganics separated, and the aqueous phase was back-extracted with MTBE(2×500 mL). The organics were combined, washed with brine, dried overMgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated to provide a mixture of(R)-2-(2-(benzyloxy)ethyl)-4-tert-butoxy-4-oxobutanoic acid and chiraloxazolidinone auxiliary.

The crude oil was dissolved in MTBE (˜1 L) and 1 N NaOH (1.0 L) wasadded to move the acid product into the aqueous phase as the carboxylateanion. The organic layer was back-extracted with 1 N NaOH (750 mL). Thebasic aqueous phase was extracted with MTBE (500 mL). The organic phaseswere discarded. The aqueous phase was diluted with MTBE (1.0 L) and theaqueous phase was acidified to pH 2 with 6 N HCl to fully protonate thecarboxylate group and partition the compound into the organic phase. Thephases were separated and the organics were washed with brine (1.0 L),dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated. The crude oil stillcontained up to 25% of the chiral auxiliary, the following cycledescribed above was repeated as follows.

The organics were dissolved in MTBE (1.0 L) and washed with 1 N NaOH(1.0 L). The phases were separated and the aqueous layer was extractedwith MTBE (2×500 mL). The organic phases were discarded. The aqueousphase was diluted with MTBE (1.0 L) and the aqueous phase was acidifiedwith 6 N HCl until pH-2 to move the acid back into the organic phase.The organics were isolated and washed with brine, dried over MgSO₄,filtered, and concentrated to give(R)-2-(2-(benzyloxy)ethyl)-4-tert-butoxy-4-oxobutanoic acid (137 g, 378mmol, 78% yield, 91% ee) as a pale yellow oil; approx. 85% purity by ¹HNMR. Exact mass calculated for C₁₇H₂₄O₅: 308.2. found: LCMS m/z=309.6,[M+H+]; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 1.42 (s, 9H), 1.83 (m, 1H), 2.03(m, 1H), 2.45 (dd, J₁=16.5, J₂=5.4 Hz, 1H), 2.64 (dd, J₁=16.5, J₂=8.6Hz, 1H), 2.98 (m, 1H), 3.57 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 4.50 (s, 2H), 7.32 (m,5H).

The enantiomeric excess was determined by conversion of the acid to thecorresponding (S)-Phg-OMe amide and (R)-Phg-OMe amide separately. The ¹HNMR spectra from each amide derivative contained 4.5% of thecorresponding diastereomer (91% de).

Step B: Preparation of (R)-4-tert-Butyl 1-methyl2-(2-(benzyloxy)ethyl)succinate

To a solution of (R)-2-(2-(benzyloxy)ethyl)-4-tert-butoxy-4-oxobutanoicacid (120 g, 388 mmol) in DMA (750 mL) was added NaHCO₃ (65.2 g, 776mmol) followed by MeI (36.4 mL, 582 mmol) and stirred overnight at roomtemperature. Additional NaHCO₃ (130 g, 1.55 mol), and MeI (72.8 mL, 1.16mol) were added and stirring was continued for an additional 20 h. Themixture was filtered and the filtrate partitioned between MTBE (1.5 L)and H₂O (1.5 L). The aqueous phase was separated and back-extracted withMTBE (1.0 L). The combined organics were washed with H₂O (2×1.5 L),brine (1 L), dried over MgSO₄, and filtered. The filtrate wasconcentrated to give a pale yellow oil containing (R)-4-tert-butyl1-methyl 2-(2-(benzyloxy)ethyl)succinate (140 g, 379 mmol, 98% yield).Exact mass calculated for C₁₈H₂₆O₅: 322.2. found: LCMS m/z=323.3,[M+H+]; 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 1.43 (s, 9H), 1.82 (m, 1H), 1.97(m, 1H), 2.42 (dd, J₁=16.3, J₂=5.3 Hz, 1H), 2.63 (dd, J₁=16.5, J₂=9.0Hz, 1H), 2.96 (m, 1H), 3.50 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 3.65 (s, 3H), 4.48 (s,2H), 7.32 (m, 5H).

Example 1.4 Preparation of Preparation of (R)-Methyl2-(7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetate Step A:Preparation of(R)-5-(Benzyloxy)-3-(5-(triisopropylsilyloxy)-1H-indol-2-yl)pentanoicacid

To a solution of tert-butyl2-methyl-4-(triisopropylsilyloxy)phenylcarbamate (181 g, 477 mmol) inTHF (1 L) under N₂ at −40° C. (ACN/dry ice bath) was addedsec-butyllithium (1.4 M in cyclohexane, 797 mL, 1.12 mol) overapproximately 15 minutes via cannula/transfer needle. Stirring wascontinued for 1 h at which time the dilthiate was added viacannula/transfer needle to a solution of (R)-4-tert-butyl 1-methyl2-(2-(benzyloxy)ethyl)succinate (98.5 g, 306 mmol) in THF (600 mL)cooled to −78° C. under N₂. The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 30min, and quenched w/aq. 10% citric acid solution (100 mL) while stillcold. Let warm to approx 0° C. and added additional aq. 10% citric acid(400 mL) and EtOAc (1 L). Separated phases and washed organics w/aq. 10%citric acid (500 mL), and brine (500 mL). Dried organics over MgSO₄,filtered, and concentrated.

The concentrate was dissolved in DCM (1 L) and cooled to 0° C. in an icebath (internal temp 15° C.). TMS-I (306 g, 1.53 mol) was added over 15minutes (bubbling occurred likely due to the liberation of CO₂ fromresidual EtOAc, no increase in temp). The mixture was warmed to roomtemperature and stirred overnight. Added additional TMSI (100 g, 0.500mol) and stirred for 1.5 h at room temperature. The mixture was addedslowly to a solution of DCM/MeOH/Et₃N (1:1:1, 900 mL) cooled to 0° C.Concentrated mixture in vacuo. Diluted w/EtOAc (1.0 L) and washed w/2 NHCl (2×800 mL). Washed organics w/brine (800 mL), dried over MgSO₄,filtered, and concentrated.

The concentrate was dissolved in MTBE (600 mL). Cyclohexylamine (58.1 g,586 mmol) was added followed by hexanes (75 mL) and heated gently for2-3 minutes. The resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature and awhite precipitate formed. After 0.5 h the mixture was filtered. Thesolid was re-suspended in MTBE (1 L) and heated gently. The suspensionwas filtered to provide the desired product as the cyclohexylamine salt.All filtrates combined and concentrated for later use (see below).

The solid was suspended in EtOAc (1.5 L) and treated with 2 N aq. HCl(1.0 L, to free cyclohexylamine). Separated phases and washed organicswith 2 N HCl (750 mL) and brine (750 mL). Dried over MgSO₄, filtered,and concentrated to give 54 g of(R)-5-(benzyloxy)-3-(5-(triisopropylsilyloxy)-1H-indol-2-yl)pentanoicacid as a light brown oil (10 wt. % EtOAc). Exact mass calculated forC₂₉H₄₁NO₄Si: 495.3. found: LCMS m/z=496.3, [M+H+]; ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ ppm 1.12 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 18H), 1.27 (m, 3H), 2.03 (m, 2H), 2.79(m, 2 H), 3.51 (m, 3H), 4.46 (d, J=11.7 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (d, J=11.7 Hz,1H), 6.09 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (dd, J₁=8.6, J₂=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (m,2H), 7.34 (m, 5H), 8.36 (bs, 1H).

The initial filtrates were treated with additional cyclohexylamine (10mL) and loaded onto a silica gel column. Eluted w/50:50 hexanes/EtOAccontaining 0.1% triethylamine for approximately 3 column volumes. Theeluants were discarded. Flushed column w/25% EtOAc in hexanes(containing no triethylamine) for approx 2 column volumes and discardedeluant. A solvent system containing 0.5% AcOH in EtOAc was passedthrough the column to elute the desired acid. The fractions wereconcentrated in vacuo, dissolved in MTBE:EtOAc (1:1, 500 mL), and washedsequentially with sat. NaHCO₃ (2×500 mL), 1 N HCl (2×250 mL), and brine(250 mL) to give 25 g of a brown oil that contained additional(R)-5-(benzyloxy)-3-(5-(triisopropylsilyloxy)-1H-indol-2-yl)pentanoicacid.

Step B: Preparation of (R)-Methyl5-(benzyloxy)-3-(5-(triisopropylsilyloxy)-1H-indol-2-yl)pentanoate

To a solution of(R)-5-(benzyloxy)-3-(5-(triisopropylsilyloxy)-1H-indol-2-yl)pentanoicacid (54 g) in DMA (150 mL) was added NaHCO₃ (28.8 g, 343 mmol) followedby MeI (41.7 g, 294 mmol) and stirred overnight at room temperature. Tothe resulting mixture was added an additional amount of NaHCO₃ (15 g,179 mmol) and MeI (25.0 g, 176 mmol) and the mixture was stirred anadditional 20 h. To this mixture was added more NaHCO₃ (25 g, 297 mmol),and MeI (35.0 g, 247 mmol), and stirred overnight. The mixture wasdiluted with MTBE (1 L) and filtered. The filtrate was sequentiallywashed with H₂O (2×500 mL), sat. aqueous sodium bisulfite (500 mL), andbrine (500 mL). The organics were dried organics over MgSO₄, filtered,and concentrated to give 59.6 g of an orange oil containing desiredproduct.

The material isolated via column chromatography from above, Example 1.4,Step A, (25 g mixture) was dissolved in DMA (60 mL) and NaHCO₃ (14.0 g,167 mmol) was added followed by MeI (54.7 g, 386 mmol) and stirredovernight at room temperature. To the resulting mixture was added anadditional amount of NaHCO₃ (4.00 g, 47.6 mmol) and MeI (7.00 g, 49.3mmol), and stirred at room temperature for an additional 2 h. Themixture was diluted with MTBE (500 mL). The organics were washed withH₂O (2×250 mL), brine (250 mL), and dried over MgSO₄. The organics werefiltered, concentrated, and purified by silica gel chromatography (5%EtOAc in hexanes gradient to 30% EtOAc in hexanes) to give 4.43 g of thedesired ester as a brown oil (˜75 wt. %), along with higher molecularweight impurities.

In total, (R)-methyl5-(benzyloxy)-3-(5-(triisopropylsilyloxy)-1H-indol-2-yl)pentanoate (52.5g, 103 mmol, 33.7% yield) was obtained from (R)-4-tert-butyl 1-methyl2-(2-(benzyloxy)ethyl)succinate (98.5 g, 306 mmol). Exact masscalculated for C₃₀H₄₃NO₄Si: 509.3. found: LCMS m/z=510.4, [M+H+]; ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 1.12 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 18H), 1.27 (m, 3H), 2.03 (m,2H), 2.74 (m, 2H), 3.52 (m, 3H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 4.46 (d, J=11.7 Hz, 1H),4.52 (d, J=11.7 Hz, 1H), 6.08 (d, J=1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (dd, J₁=8.6,J₂=2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.34 (m,5H), 8.48 (bs, 1H).

Step C: Preparation of (R)-Methyl5-hydroxy-3-(5-(triisopropylsilyloxy)-1H-indol-2-yl)pentanoate

To a solution of (R)-methyl5-(benzyloxy)-3-(5-(triisopropylsilyloxy)-1H-indol-2-yl)pentanoate (52.5g, 103 mmol in EtOAc (150 mL) was added 10% Pd/C (wet, 15 g) and placedin a Parr shaker under 45 psi of hydrogen for 2.5 h (dropped 10 psiduring the 2.5 h). The mixture was filtered through celite andconcentrated to give (R)-methyl5-hydroxy-3-(5-(triisopropylsilyloxy)-1H-indol-2-yl)pentanoate (47.6 g,93 mmol, 92% yield) as a viscous yellow oil. Exact mass calculated forC₂₃H₃₇NO₄Si: 419.2. found: LCMS m/z=420.3, [M+H+]; ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ ppm 1.11 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 18H), 1.27 (m, 3H), 1.97 (m, 2H), 2.75(m, 2H), 3.49 (m, 1H), 3.69 (m, 5H), 6.13 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.73 (dd,J₁=8.6, J₂=2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H),8.58 (bs, 1H).

Step D: Preparation of (R)-Methyl2-(7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetate

To a solution of (R)-methyl5-hydroxy-3-(5-(triisopropylsilyloxy)-1H-indol-2-yl)pentanoate (39.0 g,93 mmol) in DCM (250 mL) at 0° C. was added MsC1 (8.33 mL, 107 mmol)followed by DMAP (34.1 g, 279 mmol). The mixture was stirred withwarming to room temperature over 1.5 h. The resulting mixture wasconcentrated to remove DCM and partitioned between MTBE (350 mL) and 1 NHCl (250 mL). The phases were separated and the organics washed with 1 NHCl (2×250 mL), sat. NaHCO₃ (250 mL), and brine (250 mL). The organicswere dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated to give theintermediate mesylate. Exact mass calculated for C₂₄H₃₉NO₆SSi: 497.2.found: LCMS m/z=498.3, [M+H+].

To a solution of the resulting mesylate dissolved in DMF (150 mL) at 0°C. was added NaI (2.79 g, 18.6 mmol) followed by addition of NaH (2.0equiv., 60% dispersion in mineral oil) over 2 min. The resulting mixturewas stirred for 2.0 h and quenched by addition to ice water. The mixturewas acidified with 1 N HCl and extracted w/MTBE (3×500 mL). The organicswere washed with water (2×500 mL), and brine (500 mL). The phases wereseparated, and the organics were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, andconcentrated.

The concentrate was dissolved in THF (250 mL) and treated with TBAF(1.0M in THF, (139 mL, 139 mmol). After stirring at room temperature for2 h the resulting mixture was diluted with MTBE (500 mL), washed with 1N HCl (2×250 mL), and brine (250 mL). The phases were separated and theorganics were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated. The crudematerial obtained contained a significant amount of free acid asdetermined by LC/MS. The crude material was subsequently dissolved inPhMe:MeOH (2:1, 450 mL) and cooled to 0° C. To the resulting mixture wasadded TMS-Diazomethane (2.0 M in Et₂O, 67.4 mL, 135 mmol) slowly over 10min and stirred for 15 min. The reaction mixture was quenched with AcOH(10 mL), stirred for 10 min, and the solution was concentrated in vacuo.

The resulting concentrate was treated with MTBE:hexanes (3:1, 100 mL)and heated gently. Upon cooling, the suspension was filtered to provide(R)-methyl 2-(7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetateas a light pink solid (batch 1: 12.2 g, 90% purity, 98% ee). Thefiltrate was concentrated and the above precipitation process wasrepeated to give an additional 1.00 g of (R)-methyl2-(7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetate as a yellowsolid (90% purity, 80% ee).

All remaining filtrates were concentrated and purified by silica gelchromatography (40% EtOAc in hexanes gradient to 85% EtOAc in hexanes).The fractions containing product were concentrated and precipitated bytreatment w/MTBE/hexanes to give (R)-methyl2-(7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetate as a whitesolid (1.99 g, 45% ee) after filtration.

In total, (R)-methyl2-(7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetate (15.5 g,56.9 mmol, 61.2% yield) was obtained. Exact mass calculated forC₁₄H₁₅NO₃: 245.1. found: LCMS m/z=246.1, [M+H+]; ¹H NMR (400 MHz,d₆-DMSO) 6 ppm 2.20 (m, 1H), 2.66 (dd, J₁=16.1, J₂=7.8 Hz, 1H), 2.75 (m,2H), 3.58 (m, 1H), 3.66 (s, 3H), 3.92 (m, 1H), 4.05 (m, 1H), 5.88 (s,1H), 6.54 (dd, J₁=8.6, J₂=2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (d,J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 8.55 (s, 1H).

Enantiomeric excess was determined via chiral HPLC analysis [250 mm×4.6mm Chiralcel®OD-H column, 20% IPA in hexanes containing 0.05% TFA, 1mL/min. 1st peak (S)-enantiomer, t_(r)=15.2 min; 2nd peak(R)-enantiomer, t_(r)=16.8 min].

Example 1.5 Preparation of (R)-Ethyl2-(7-Hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetate Step A:Preparation of Ethyl 5-(Benzyloxy)-1H-indole-2-carboxylate

To a mixture of sulfuric acid (80.0 mL, 1.50 mol) dissolved in Ethanol(450 mL) at 0° C. was added (4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)hydrazine hydrochloride(90.0 g, 359 mmol) to form a suspension. To the suspension was addedethyl 2-oxopropanoate (43.9 mL, 395 mmol) in EtOH (90 mL) andmechanically stirred for 2 h using a mechanical stirrer. The mixture washeated to 45° C. and maintained for 16 h. The mixture was cooled to roomtemperature and cold EtOH (200 mL) was added. The mixture was filteredthrough a course frit. The collected solid was washed sequentially withcold EtOH, hexanes, and water. The solid was dried in a vacuum oven (45°C., 2 Torr) to give ethyl 5-(benzyloxy)-1H-indole-2-carboxylate (73.1 g,247 mmol, 69% yield). Exact mass calculated for C₁₈H₁₇NO₃: 295.1. found:LCMS m/z=296.2, [M+H+]; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 1.41 (t, J=7.1 Hz,3H), 4.40 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 5.10 (s, 2 H), 7.08 (dd, J₁=8.9, J₂=2.4 Hz,1H), 7.14 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.32 (m, 2H), 7.39(m, 2H), 7.47 (m, 2H), 8.75 (bs, 1H).

Step B: Preparation of Potassium7-(Benzyloxy)-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)-3H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-olate

To a 5000 mL, 3-neck round bottom flask equipped with a mechanicalstirrer, a temperature probe, a nitrogen inlet, and a heating mantle wasadded ethyl 5-(benzyloxy)-1H-indole-2-carboxylate (150 g, 508 mmol)followed by anhydrous THF (2000 mL). To the resulting mixture was addedpotassium t-butoxide (1.0 M in THF, 762 mL, 762 mmol) via an additionfunnel over 15 min (temperature increased from 20° C. to 26° C. over theaddition time). The mixture was stirred for 1 h and ethyl acrylate (166mL, 1.52 mol) was added via addition funnel over 15 min (temp increaseto 34° C.). The addition funnel was replaced with a reflux condenser andthe mixture heated to reflux and stirred for 18 h (the product startedto appear as a white precipitate after only 0.5 h of heating). The flaskwas cooled to room temperature. The resulting precipitate was collectedby vacuum filtration. The filtrate was concentrated to approximately 750mL and diluted with MTBE (approx. 500 mL). Additional productprecipitated and this material was filtered and added to the originalfilter cake. The combined solids were washed with cold THF:MTBE (1:1)and vacuum oven dried (45° C., 2 Torr) to give potassium7-(benzyloxy)-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)-3H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-olate as anoff-white solid (120 g, 61% yield). Exact mass calculated for C₂₁H₁₉NO₄(protonated keto-enol form): 349.1. found: LCMS m/z=350.3, [M+H+]; ¹HNMR (400 MHz, d₆-DMSO) 6 ppm 1.18 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 3.99 (q, J=7.1 Hz,2H), 4.59 (s, 2H), 5.09 (s, 2H), 6.14 (s, 1H), 6.80 (dd, J₁=8.8, J₂=2.3Hz, 1H), 7.11 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (m, 2H), 7.38 (m, 2H), 7.46 (m,2H).

Step C: Preparation of7-(Benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-one; this rxn was runas 4 separate batches in parallel as described below

To a 3-neck, 5 L RB flask equipped w/a mechanical stirrer, temperatureprobe, and a reflux condenser was added potassium7-(benzyloxy)-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)-3H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-olate (206 g,530 mmol) followed by AcOH:H₂O (2:1, v/v, 2.65 L). The mixture washeated to reflux for 40 h and cooled to room temperature. Upon cooling alight brown precipitate formed. The mixtures from all four batches werecombined and filtered. The solid was washed with H₂O and hexanes. Thefiltrates were further diluted with water (1 L) and an additional solidprecipitated. The 2^(nd) crop was filtered and the solid washed withwater and hexanes. Both crops were combined and dried in a vacuum oven(50° C., 2 Torr) to give7-(benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-one (493 g from all 4batches, 1.72 mol, 81% yield) as a brown solid. Exact mass calculatedfor C₁₈H₁₅NO₂: 277.1. found: LCMS m/z=278.2, [M+H+]; ¹H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ ppm 3.20 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 4.40 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 5.11 (s,2H), 6.91 (s, 1 H), 7.13 (dd, J₁=9.0, J₂=2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (d, J=2.3 Hz,1H), 7.33 (m, 2H), 7.39 (m, 2H), 7.47 (m, 2H).

Step D: Preparation of (E)-Ethyl2-(7-(Benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-ylidene)acetate,this reaction was run as 4 separate batches in parallel as describedbelow

To a 5000 mL 3-neck round bottom flask at room temperature under N₂equipped with a mechanical stirrer, an addition funnel, and atemperature probe containing a solution of ethyl2-(diethoxyphosphoryl)acetate (114 mL, 577 mmol) in THF (2.0 L) wasadded potassium t-butoxide (1.0 M in THF, 554 mL, 554 mmol) via additionfunnel over 10 minutes (temp increase from 22° C. to 29° C.). Thereaction mixture was stirred for 2 h and7-(benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-one (123 g, 444 mmol)was added in 4 portions. An additional amount of THF (750 mL) was addedto further dissolve ketone. The mixture was stirred at room temperaturefor 16 h. Analysis of an aliquat from the reaction mixture using LC/MSrevealed approximately 75-85% conversion to the title compound.

A separate solution of ylide (0.4 equiv. total, 710 mmol) was preparedas described below.

To a 5000 mL flask with a mechanical stirrer and nitrogen inlet at roomtemperature under N₂ containing a solution of ethyl2-(diethoxyphosphoryl)acetate (167 g, 745.5 mmol) in THF (1.25 L) wasadded potassium t-butoxide (1 M in THF, 710 mL, 710 mmol) over 10 minvia addition funnel. After stirring for 1.5 h, 500 mL of this solutionwas added to each of the four reaction mixtures via addition funnel andthe mixture was stirred an additional 20 h at room temperature.

The resulting reaction mixtures were separately filtered through a padof sand (approx 3 cm×15 cm) atop celite (approx 5 cm×15 cm) in a 3000 mLcourse fritted buchner funnel to remove insoluble phosphate salts. Thefilter cake was washed with THF and the organics were concentrated foreach filtrate to approximately half volume. All combined filtrates werecombined in a 20 L heavy-walled SCHOTT/Duran filter flask (9 L totalvolume). The mixture was placed in an ice bath and agitated with amechanical stirrer as IPA (enough to double volume, 8 L) was added toprecipitate product. To the mixture was added a small batch of seedcrystals and the resulting mixture was agitated overnight. The mixturewas filtered to leave behind a beige solid that was vacuum oven-dried(45° C., 2 Torr) to give 249 g of (E)-ethyl2-(7-(benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-ylidene)acetate.

The filtrates were concentrated to half volume (8 L) and allowed to sitovernight. Filtration gave a 2^(nd) crop (190 g) of a dark-brown solidthat was ˜75% pure as determined by LC/MS analysis. The 2^(nd) crop wassuspended in IPA:ACN (2:1, v/v, 450 mL) and heated to 80° C. for 3 h.Cooled to 40° C. and filtered through a medium-fritted filter. Thefilter cake was washed sequentially with warm IPA:ACN (2:1), cold IPA,and hexanes to give additional (E)-ethyl2-(7-(benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-ylidene)acetate asa light brown solid (90.5 g).

In total (E)-ethyl2-(7-(benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-ylidene)acetate(339 g, 974 mmol, 58% yield) was obtained as a light brown solid. Exactmass calculated for C₂₂H₂₁NO₃: 347.2. found: LCMS m/z=348.3, [M+H+]; 1′HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 1.34 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 3.79 (td, J₁=6.6,J₂=2.4 Hz, 2H), 4.23 (m, 4H), 5.11 (s, 2H), 6.30 (t, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.62(s, 1H), 6.99 (dd, J₁=8.9, J₂=2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.22(d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (m, 1H), 7.39 (m, 2H), 7.48 (m, 2H).

Step E: Preparation of (R)-Ethyl2-(7-(Benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetate

In a 500 mL round flask under N₂ was added a mixture of copper(II)acetate hydrate (259 mg, 1.30 mmol) and(R)-(−)-1-[(S)-2-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl]ethyldi-tert-butylphosphine(710 mg, 1.30 mmol) in anhydrous THF (100 mL) and the mixture wasstirred for 30 min. To the resulting mixture was addedpoly(methylhydrosiloxane) (PMHS) (49.0 mL) and stirred for an additional30 min. The mixture was transferred via cannula into a 3000 mL flaskcontaining a solution of (E)-ethyl2-(7-(benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-ylidene)acetate(90.0 g, 259 mmol) in anhydrous THF (1500 mL) cooled to 5° C. (externalice-salt bath, internal temperature). To the resulting mixture was addedt-BuOH (74.3 mL, 777 mmol) and the mixture was mechanically stirredunder N₂ while slowly warming to 10° C. over 16 h. The mixture wasdiluted with MTBE (1000 mL), washed with sat. aq. NH₄Cl (500 mL), andbrine (500 mL). The organics were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, andconcentrated in vacuo. The product was recyrystallized from methanol andthe resulting solid (crop 1) was washed with hexanes. The filtrate wasconcentrated and the above process was repeated to give two additionalcrops of product.

In total (R)-ethyl2-(7-(benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetate (81.1g, 232 mmol, 90% yield) was obtained as a tan crystalline solid. Exactmass calculated for C₂₂H₂₃NO₃: 349.2. found: LCMS m/z=350.3, [M+H+]; ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 1.30 (t, J=7.2 Hz, 3H), 2.38 (m, 1H), 2.57(dd, J₁=16.0, J₂=8.6 Hz, 1H), 2.83 (dd, J₁=16.0, J₂=6.3 Hz, 1H), 2.88(m, 1H), 3.75 (m, 1H), 3.99 (dt, J₁=9.8, J₂=7.4 Hz, 1H), 4.11 (ddd,J₁=9.8, J₂=8.7 Hz, J_(3=4.3) Hz 1H), 4.21 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 5.10 (s,2H), 6.08 (s, 1H), 6.88 (dd, J₁=8.7, J₂=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (m, 2H), 7.30(m, 1H), 7.38 (m, 2H), 7.47 (m, 2H).

A number of other chiral phosphine ligands were employed utilizingconditions as shown in the following table to provide the R enantiomerwith at least an ee % of 69% or greater.

Table of Phosphine Ligands, Conditions and % ee Chiral Phosphine LigandSolvent Temp ° C. % ee (Configuration) (R)-BINAP THF 5 76% (R) (R)-BINAPToluene 5 69% (R) (R)-BINAP THF 25 77% (R) (R)-BINAP Toluene 25 89% (R)(R)-xylyl-BINAP THF 5 83% (R) (R)-xylyl-BINAP Toluene 5 75% (R)(R)-xylyl-BINAP THF 25 79% (R) (R)-xylyl-BINAP Toluene 25 76% (R)(R)-DTBM-SEGPHOS THF 5 97% (R) (R)-DTBM-SEGPHOS Toluene 5 97% (R)(R)-DTBM-SEGPHOS THF 25 95% (R) (R)-DTBM-SEGPHOS Toluene 25 96% (R)(R,S)-PPF-P(t-Bu)₂ THF 5 96% (R) (R,S)-PPF-P(t-Bu)₂ Toluene 5 99% (R)(R,S)-PPF-P(t-Bu)₂ Toluene 25 79% (R) (R)-BINAP is(R)-(+)-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl; (R)-xylyl-BINAP is(R)-(+)-2,2′-bis[di(3,5-xylyl)phosphino]-1,1′-binaphthyl;(R)-DTBM-SEGPHOS is(R)-(−)-5,5′-bis[di(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-methoxyphenyl)phosphino]-4,4′-bi-1,3-benzodioxole;and (R,S)-PPF-P(t-Bu)₂ is(R)-(−)-1-[(S)-2-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl]ethyldi-tert-butylphosphine.

Step F: Preparation of (R)-ethyl2-(7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetate

(R)-ethyl2-(7-(benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetate (81.1g, 232 mmol was dissolved in EtOAc (1.0 L) and washed w/aq. 0.5 N HCl(2×350 mL). The organics were dried over MgSO₄, filtered, andconcentrated to a total volume of approximately 600 mL. The solution wastransferred to a Parr bottle and 10% Pd/C (22 g) was added. The mixturewas placed on a Parr shaker under 50 psi of hydrogen for 3.5 h. Themixture was filtered through celite and concentrated in vacuo. The crudematerial was treated with hexanes:MTBE (1:1, v/v, 500 mL), andconcentrated to give a white paste. The resulting paste was suspended ina mixture of hexanes:MTBE (2:1, v/v, 350 mL) and filtered. The filtercake was washed with hexanes (twice) to provide a 1^(st) crop of(R)-ethyl 2-(7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetateas a white solid (˜70 g, wet). Upon standing the combined filtratescontained additional precipitated product that was filtered and washedwith hexanes (twice) to give a 2nd crop (˜7 g, wet) of (R)-ethyl2-(7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetate. Allremaining filtrates were concentrated and purified by silica gelchromatography (45% EtOAc in hexanes gradient to 85% EtOAc in hexanes).Concentration of the fractions containing the product provided a whitesolid that was filtered and washed with hexanes to give an additional6.73 g of desired product.

All solids were combined and dried in an vacuum oven (45° C., 2 Torr) togive (R)-ethyl2-(7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetate (53.86 g,204 mmol, 88% yield, >98% ee) as a white solid. Exact mass calculatedfor C₁₅H₁₇NO₃: 259.1. found: LCMS m/z=260.2, [M+H+]; 11 NMR (400 MHz,d₆-DMSO) 6 ppm 1.21 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 2.20 (m, 1H), 2.63 (dd, J₁=16.0,J₂=7.7 Hz, 1H), 2.75 (m, 2H), 3.58 (m, 1H), 3.92 (dt, J₁=9.9, J₂=7.4 Hz,1H), 4.05 (ddd, J₁=9.9, J₂=8.5 Hz, J_(3=4.4) Hz 1H), 4.13 (qd, J₁=7.1,J₂=1.3 Hz, 1H), 5.87 (s, 1H), 6.54 (dd, J₁=8.6, J₂=2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (d,J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 8.54 (s, 1H).

Enantiomeric excess was determined via chiral HPLC analysis [250 mm×4.6mm Chiralcel®OD-H column, 7% IPA in hexanes, 1 mL/min. 1st peak-minorenantiomer (S) t_(r)=45.3 min, 2nd peak-major enantiomer (R) t_(r)=50.2min].

Example 1.6 Preparation of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid Step A: Preparation of (R)-ethyl2-(7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetate

To a solution of (R)-ethyl2-(7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetate (35.0 g,135 mmol) in DMF (250 mL) was added Cs₂CO₃ (66.0 g, 202 mmol). Afterstirring for 5 min,4-(chloromethyl)-1-isopropoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (34.1 g, 135mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight at 65° C. (oilbath temp) under N₂. The mixture was cooled to room temperature,filtered, and concentrated in vacuo via rotary evaporator (5 Torr, 45°C. water bath temperature) to near dryness. The concentrate waspartitioned between EtOAc:MTBE (3:1, v/v, 1.5 L was needed to see phaseseparation) and H₂O (1 L). The phases were separated and the aqueousphase was acidified with aqueous 2 N HCl. The aqueous phased wasextracted with EtOAc (1 L). The organics were combined, dried overMgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated. The concentrate was treated withMTBE:hexanes (1:1, v/v, 300 mL) to precipitate the product. The mixturewas filtered and the solid was washed with hexanes (twice) to give a1^(st). crop (40 g) of product. The combined filtrates containedadditional precipitated product that was filtered and washed withhexanes (twice) to give a 2^(nd) crop of product (1.5 g).

All filtrates were concentrated and purified by silica gelchromatography (10% EtOAc in hexanes gradient to 45% EtOAc in hexanes).The product containing fractions were concentrated to near dryness togive a white solid that was filtered and washed with hexanes.

All solids were combined and dried in a vacuum oven (45° C., 2 Torr, 1h) to give (R)-ethyl2-(7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetate(52.81 g, 111 mmol, 82% yield) as a white solid. Exact mass calculatedfor C₂₆H₂₈F₃NO₄: 475.2. found: LCMS m/z=476.2, [M+H+]; 1′H NMR (400 MHz,CDCl₃) δ ppm 1.30 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.37 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 6H), 2.28 (m,1H), 2.58 (dd, J₁=16.0, J₂=8.5 Hz, 1H), 2.82 (dd, J₁=16.0, J₂=6.3 Hz,1H), 2.88 (m, 1H), 3.75 (m, 1H), 4.00 (dt, J₁=9.9, J₂=7.5 Hz, 1H), 4.11(ddd, J₁=9.9, J₂=8.5 Hz, J_(3=4.2) Hz 1H), 4.21 (qd, J₁=7.1, J₂=0.8 Hz,2H), 4.64 (sep, J=6.1 Hz, 1H), 5.02 (s, 2H), 6.08 (s, 1H), 6.85 (dd,J₁=8.7, J₂=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.00 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 7.09 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H),7.13 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.55 (dd, J₁=8.5, J₂=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=2.0Hz, 1H).

Step B: Preparation of (R)-ethyl2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetate

To a solution of (R)-ethyl2-(7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetate(52.8 g, 111 mmol) in DCM (350 mL) at −5° C. (ice-salt bath) was added asolution of NCS (14.8 g, 111 mmol) in DCM (350 mL) slowly over 20 minvia addition funnel. After stirring for 0.5 h the mixture was washedw/sat. aq. sodium thiosulfate (300 mL). The organics were concentratedto about 300 mL and filtered using a column (60 cm×80 cm) containingsodium sulfate (top layer), sand (middle layer), and silica gel (bottom)using DCM as the eluant. The filtrate was concentrated to give (R)-ethyl2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetate(54.6 g, 107 mmol, 96% yield) as a white/mildly yellow solid. Exact masscalculated for C₂₆H₂₇ClF₃NO₄: 509.2. found: LCMS m/z=510.3, [M+H+]; ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 1.28 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.37 (d, J=6.1 Hz,6H), 2.34 (m, 1H), 2.52 (dd, J₁=16.3, J₂=10.2 Hz, 1H), 2.93 (m, 1H),3.22 (dd, J₁=16.3, J₂=4.0 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (m, 1H), 4.00 (m, 1H), 4.12 (m,1H), 4.20 (qd, J₁=7.1, J₂=1.7 Hz, 2H), 4.65 (sep, J=6.1 Hz, 1H), 5.04(s, 2H), 6.89 (dd, J₁=8.8, J₂=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.06(d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.56 (dd, J₁=8.5, J₂=1.9 Hz,1H), 7.67 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H).

Step C: Preparation of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid

To a solution of (R)-ethyl2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetate(54.6 g, 107 mmol) in dioxane (750 mL) and MeOH (75 mL) was added NaOH(aq. 3N, 89.0 mL, 268 mmol). The mixture was stirred at room temperaturefor 17 h, concentrated in vacuo to approx 150 mL, and acidified withaqueous 3N HCl (300 mL). The resulting slurry was shaken and the solidfiltered, washed with H₂O (twice), hexanes and dried in a vacuum oven(50° C., 2 Torr, 15 h) to give(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid (51.3 g, 101 mmol, 94% yield, >98% ee) as a white solid. Exact masscalculated for C₂₄H₂₃ClF₃NO₄: 481.1. found: LCMS m/z=482.2, [M+H+]; ¹HNMR (400 MHz, CD₃CN) 6 ppm 1.33 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 6H), 2.34 (m, 1H), 2.58(dd, J₁=16.5, J₂=9.7 Hz, 1H), 2.86 (m, 1H), 3.06 (dd, J₁=16.5, J₂=4.2Hz, 1H), 3.73 (m, 1H), 4.01 (m, 1H), 4.14 (ddd, J₁=9.9, J₂=8.5 Hz,J_(3=4.9) Hz 1H), 4.75 (sep, J=6.0 Hz, 1H), 5.08 (s, 2H), 6.87 (dd,J₁=8.8, J₂=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H),7.21 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (dd, J₁=8.6, J₂=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (d, J=2.1Hz, 1H), 9.10 (bs, 1H).

Enantiomeric excess was determined via chiral HPLC analysis [250 mm×10mm Chiralpak® IA column, 35% MTBE in hexanes containing 0.1% TFA, 8mL/min. 1st peak-minor enantiomer (S) t_(r)=27.9 min, 2nd peak-majorenantiomer. (R) t_(r)=29.0 min].

Example 1.7 Preparation of (R)-tert-Butyl2-(7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetate Step A:Preparation of (Z)-tert-Butyl2-(7-(benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-ylidene)acetate

A mixture of 7-(benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-one(20.0 g, 72.1 mmol) and tert-Butyl(triphenylphosphoranylidene)acetate(136 g, 361 mmol) in THF (700 mL) was heated at reflux for 4 days.Additional and tert-Butyl(triphenylphosphoranylidene)acetate (27.1 g,72.1 mmol) was added and stirring at reflux was continued for anadditional 24 h. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and thesolvent was removed under reduced pressure. Recyrstallization from hotIPA gave (E)-tert-butyl2-(7-(benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-ylidene)acetate asa white solid. Exact mass calculated for C₂₄H₂₅NO₃: 375.2. found: LCMSm/z=376.2, (M+H+); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 1.53 (s, 9H), 3.75 (td,J₁=6.4, J₂=2.4 Hz, 2H), 4.20 (t, J=6.4 Hz, 2H), 5.11 (s, 2H), 6.23 (t,J=2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 6.98 (dd, J₁=8.9, J₂=2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (d,J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (m, 1H), 7.39 (m, 2H), 7.48(m, 2H).

Isolation of pure (Z)-tert-butyl2-(7-(benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-ylidene)acetatewas accomplished as follows. The filtrates from the recrystallizationabove were concentrated under reduced pressure and suspended in etherwhich precipitated tert-butyl(triphenylphosphoranylidene)acetate as awhite solid that was removed via vacuum filtration. The solid wasdiscarded and the filtrates were treated with hexanes to precipitatetriphenylphosphine oxide which was removed by filtration. The remainingsolvent was removed under reduced pressure and the crude residuepurified via column chromatography (0% EtOAc in hexanes gradient to 40%EtOAc/hexanes, silica) to give pure (Z)-tert-butyl2-(7-(benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-ylidene)acetate.Exact mass calculated for C₂₄H₂₅NO₃: 375.2. found: LCMS m/z=376.2,[M+H+]; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 1.56 (s, 9H), 3.40 (m, 2H), 4.13(t, J=6.6 Hz, 2H), 5.11 (s, 2H), 5.80 (s, 1H), 7.00 (dd, J₁=9.0, J₂=2.2Hz, 1H), 7.18 (m, 2H), 7.33 (m, 1H), 7.39 (m, 2H), 7.48 (m, 2H), 7.55(s, 1H).

Step B: Preparation of (R)-tert-Butyl2-(7-(benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetate from(Z)-tert-butyl2-(7-(benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-ylidene)acetateand (S)-BINAP

A mixture of copper(II) acetate hydrate (13.0 mg, 0.067 mmol) and(S)-2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthyl (41.0 mg, 0.067 mmol)were stirred for 30 min in toluene (2 mL) at room temperature undernitrogen. To this mixture was added Polymethyl hydrosiloxane (0.330 mL)and the mixture was allowed to stir for an additional 30 min. A solutionof (Z)-tert-butyl2-(7-(benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-ylidene)acetate(0.332 g, 0.880 mmol) in toluene (2 mL) was added followed by t-BuOH(0.509 mL, 5.33 mmol). The mixture was sealed in a vial under nitrogenand allowed to stir overnight. Sat. NH₄Cl (20 mL) was added and themixture was extracted with ether. The organics were washed with brine,dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The solvent was removed underreduced pressure. The residue was purified via silica gel chromatography(0% EtOAc in hexanes gradient to 30% EtOAc in hexanes) to give(R)-tert-butyl2-(7-(benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetate as awhite solid. Exact mass calculated for C₂₄H₂₇NO₃: 377.2. found: LCMSm/z=378.4, [M+H+]; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 1.50 (s, 9H), 2.27 (m,1H), 2.49 (dd, J₁=15.8, J₂=8.5 Hz, 1H), 2.73 (dd, J₁=15.8, J₂=6.4 Hz,1H), 2.86 (m, 1H), 3.71 (m, 1H), 3.99 (m, 1H), 4.10 (ddd, J₁=9.8, J₂=8.6Hz, J₃=4.2 Hz 1H), 5.10 (s, 2H), 6.08 (s, 1H), 6.87 (dd, J₁=8.7, J₂=2.5Hz, 1H), 7.12 (m, 2H), 7.30 (m, 1H), 7.38 (m, 2H), 7.47 (m, 2H).

Step C: Preparation of (R)-tert-Butyl2-(7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetate

A mixture of (R)-tert-butyl2-(7-(benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetate (0.320g, 0.848 mmol), Pd(OAc)2 (0.019 g, 0.085 mmol) and ammonium formate(0.214 g, 3.39 mmol) in methanol (20 mL) was heated under refluxovernight. After cooling the mixture was filtered through celite andthen the solvent was removed under reduced pressure. Water (10 mL) andDCM (10 mL) were added and the 2 layers separated. The aqueous layer wasextracted with DCM then the combined organics dried by passing through aphase separator cartridge. The solvent was removed under reducedpressure to give (R)-tert-butyl2-(7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetate (0.240 g,0.835 mmol, 99% yield, >70% ee) as a colorless oil. Exact masscalculated for C₁₇H₂₁NO₃: 287.2. found: LCMS m/z=288.2, [M+H+]; ¹H NMR(400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 1.56 (s, 9H), 3.40 (m, 2H), 4.13 (t, J=6.6 Hz,2H), 5.11 (s, 2H), 5.80 (s, 1H), 7.00 (dd, J₁=9.0, J₂=2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.18(m, 2H), 7.33 (m, 1H), 7.39 (m, 2H), 7.48 (m, 2H), 7.55 (s, 1H)¹H NMR(400 MHz, d₆-DMSO) 6 ppm 1.44 (s, 9H), 2.18 (m, 1H), 2.52 (dd, J₁=15.9,J₂=7.7 Hz, 1H), 2.62 (dd, J₁=15.9, J₂=7.1 Hz, 1H), 2.74 (m, 1H), 3.54(m, 1H), 3.91 (m, 1H), 4.05 (ddd, J₁=9.8, J₂=8.5 Hz, J₃=4.3 Hz 1H), 5.88(s, 1H), 6.54 (m, 1H), 6.76 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 7.06 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H),8.54 (s, 1H).

Enantiomeric excess can be determined via chiral HPLC analysis [250mm×4.6 mm Chiralcel® AD-H column, 15% IPA in hexanes, 1 mL/min. 1stpeak-(S)-tert-butyl2-(7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetate t_(r)=13.8min, 2nd peak-(R)-tert-butyl2-(7-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetate t_(r)=15.0min].

Example 1.8 Powder X-Ray Diffraction

Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD) data were collected on an X'Pert PRO MPDpowder diffractometer (PANalytical, Inc.) with a Cu source set at 45 kVand 40 mA, Cu(Kα) radiation and an X'Celerator detector. Samples wereadded to the sample holder and smoothed flat with a spatula and weighpaper. With the samples spinning, X-ray diffractograms were obtained bya 12-min scan over the 2-theta range 5-40° 2θ. Diffraction data wereviewed and analyzed with the X'Pert Data Viewer Software, version 1.0aand X'Pert HighScore Software, version 1.0b.

Example 1.9 Differential Scanning Calorimetry

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies were conducted using aTA Instruments, Q2000 at heating rate 10° C./min. The instruments werecalibrated for temperature and energy using the melting point andenthalpy of fusion of an indium standard. Thermal events (desolvation,melting, etc.) were evaluated using Universal Analysis 2000 software,version 4.1D, Build 4.1.0.16.

Example 1.10 Thermal Gravimetric Analysis

Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were conducted using a TA InstrumentsTGA Q500 or Q5000 at heating rate 10° C./min. The instruments werecalibrated using a standard weight for the balance, and Alumel andNickel standards for the furnace (Curie point measurements). Thermalevents such as weight-loss are calculated using the Universal Analysis2000 software, version 4.1D, Build 4.1.0.16.

Example 1.11 Dynamic Moisture Sorption (DMS)

Samples are prepared for dynamic moisture-sorption analysis by placing˜5 mg to ˜20 mg of compound in a tarred sample holder on the VTIbalance. The instrument is a dynamic moisture-sorption analyzer, VTICorporation, SGA-100. A drying step is run at 40° C. and ˜1% RH for 1 h.The isotherm temperature is 25° C. A % weight change over 10 min (5weight readings) of dm/dt=0.010 or 2 h, whichever occurs first, isrequired before continuing to the next step. The water content of thesample equilibrated as described above was determined from 30% RH to 90%RH and then back down to 10% RH.

Example 1.12 Preparation of the Crystalline From of(R)-2-(9-Chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticAcid of Formula (Ia)

(R)-2-(9-Chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid (102 mg) was slurried in IPA (0.5 mL) for 16 h and collected byvacuum filtration to provide 88 mg of the title compound as a solid. ThePXRD pattern of the title compound is shown in FIG. 1; the DSC and TGAare shown in FIG. 2, and the DMS is shown in FIG. 3.

Example 1.13 Preparation of(R)-2-(9-Chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt

The(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt was successfully prepared using a variety ofdifferent solvents, such as, IPA, MeCN, THF, Acetone, EtOAc, and EtOH.Each preparation utilizing these different solvents provided the samecrystalline form as determined by PXRD. Two representative methods aredescribed below.

Method 1:

(R)-2-(9-Chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid (2.7265 g, 5.6579 mmol) was dissolved in acetone (90 mL) and heatedto 45° C. using an external oil bath. Aqueous L-lysine (2.829 mL, 2.0 M)was added causing formation of a white precipitate. The oil bath wasturned off and the solution was allowed to slowly cool to roomtemperature. After cooling, stirring was continued for a total of 18 h.The solids were collected by filtration to afford 2.58 g of the L-lysinesalt(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid. The PXRD pattern of the title compound is shown in FIG. 4; and theDSC and TGA are shown in FIG. 5.

Method 2:

(R)-2-(9-Chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid (2.0 g, 4.15 mmol) was dissolved in acetonitrile (66 mL) withheating (70° C., oil bath) and a 2.0 M aqueous L-lysine solution (2.075mL, 4.15 mmol) was added. After addition, the oil bath was turned off,and the reaction was allowed to slowly cool to room temperature andstirred for 16 h. The white solid was collected by vacuum filtration toafford 2.365 grams of the desired(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt (91% yield).

Example 1.14 Preparation of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt hydrate

(R)-2-(9-Chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid (20 mg) was dissolved in IPA (0.5 mL) with heating, and 2.0 M NaOH(21 uL) was added. The solution was allowed to cool to room temperatureand stir for 24 h. The resultant solids that had formed were collectedafter decanting off the IPA.

The PXRD pattern of the title compound is shown in FIG. 7; and the DSCand TGA are shown in FIG. 8. The TGA thermogram shows a weight loss ofabout 6.6%, indicating that the salt is a di-hydrate.

Example 1.15 Preparation of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate

(R)-2-(9-Chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid (15 mg) was dissolved in THF (0.5 mL) and aqueous ethylenediamine(16 uL, 2.27 M) was added. The homogeneous solution was left to stir atroom temperature for 2 d. ACN (300 μL) was then added and the reactionwas stirred at room temperature for one additional day. The reactionmixture was evaporated to dryness and 0.5 mL of EtOAc was added. Afterstirring for 24 h at room temperature, a solid had formed which wascollected by filtration. The PXRD pattern of the title compound is shownin FIG. 10; and the DSC and TGA are shown in FIG. 11.

Example 1.16 Preparation of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS) salt

(R)-2-(9-Chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid (15 mg, 0.0311 mmol) was dissolved in EtOAc (0.5 mL) and warmed to60° C. Aqueous 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol (TRIS, 8.0 uL,4.0 M) was added. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to roomtemperature over 24 h and the solids were collected by filtration. ThePXRD pattern of the title compound is shown in FIG. 13; and the DSC andTGA are shown in FIG. 14.

Example 1.17 Preparation of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-arginine salt

(R)-2-(9-Chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid (15 mg) was dissolved in acetone (0.5 mL) and heated to 60° C.Aqueous L-arginine (14 uL, 2.22 M) was added and the reaction mixturewas cooled to 35° C. Water (14 uL) was then added and the mixture wasstirred for 24 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness andEtOAc was added to provide a white solid which was collected byfiltration.

Example 1.18 Preparation of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid zinc salt

(R)-2-(9-Chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid [15 mg] was dissolved in THF [0.5 mL] and heated to 60° C. AqueousZn(OAc)₂ [8.0 uL, 1.95 M] was added and the reaction mixture was cooledto 35° C. over 24 h. Water [8 uL] was added and the mixture was stirredat room temperature for 24 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated todryness and EtOAc was added to provide a white solid which was collectedby filtration.

Example 1.19 Preparation of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid calcium salt

(R)-2-(9-Chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid (15 mg) was dissolved in acetone and heated to 60° C. for 10minutes. Aqueous Ca(OAc)₂ (15 uL, 1.04 M) was added. The reactionmixture was allowed to cool to 35° C. over 24 h and the solids werecollected by filtration.

Example 1.20 Preparation of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid N-methylglucamine salt

(R)-2-(9-Chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid (15 mg, 0.0311 mmol) was dissolved in acetone (0.5 mL) and warmedto 50° C. Aqueous N-methylglucamine (14 uL, 2.27M) was added and themixture was allowed to slowly cool to 30° C. over 24 h. The reactionmixture was evaporated to dryness, and EtOAc (0.5 mL) was added toprovide a solid which was collected by filtration.

Example 1.21 Preparation of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid potassium salt

(R)-2-(9-Chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid (15 mg, 0.031 mmol) was dissolved in a suitable solvent (THF oracetone, 0.5 mL) and heated to 60° C. 2.08 M aqueous KOH (15 mL, 0.031mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was cooled to 35° C. andstirred for 24 h. No solid product was obtained.

Example 1.22 Preparation of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid magnesium salt

(R)-2-(9-Chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid (15 mg, 0.031 mmol) was dissolved in a suitable solvent (THF oracetone, 0.5 mL) and heated to 60° C. 1.04 M aqueous Mg(OAc)₂ (15 mL,0.0156 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was allowed to cool to35° C. and stir for 24 h. The reaction was allowed to evaporate todryness. No solid product was obtained.

Example 2 Homogeneous Time-Resolved Fluorescence (HTRF®) Assay forDirect cAMP Measurement

Compounds were screened for agonists of the S1P1 receptor (e.g., humanS1P1 receptor) using the HTRF® assay for direct cAMP measurement(Gabriel et al., Assay and Drug Development Technologies, 1:291-303,2003) and recombinant CHO-K1 cells stably transfected with S1P1. CHO-K1cells were obtained from ATCC® (Manassas, Va.; Catalog #CCL-61). Anagonist of the S1P1 receptor was detected in the HTRF® assay for directcAMP measurement as a compound which decreased cAMP concentration. HTRF®assay also was used to determine EC₅₀ values for S1P1 receptor agonists.

Principle of the Assay:

HTRF® assay kit was purchased from Cisbio-US, Inc. (Bedford, Mass.;Catalog #62AM4PEC). The HTRF® assay supported by the kit is acompetitive immunoassay between endogenous cAMP produced by the CHO-K1cells and tracer cAMP labeled with the dye d2. The tracer binding isvisualized by a monoclonal anti-cAMP antibody labeled with Cryptate. Thespecific signal (i.e., fluorescence resonance energy transfer, FRET) isinversely proportional to the concentration of unlabeled cAMP in thestandard or sample.

Standard Curve:

The fluorescence ratio (665 nm/620 nm) of the standards (0.17 to 712 nMcAMP) included in the assay was calculated and used to generate a cAMPstandard curve according to the kit manufacturer's instructions. Thefluorescence ratio of the samples (test compound or compound buffer) wascalculated and used to deduce respective cAMP concentrations byreference to the cAMP standard curve.

Setup of the Assay:

The HTRF® assay was carried out using a two-step protocol essentiallyaccording to the kit manufacturer's instructions, in 20 L total volumeper well in 384-well plate format (ProxiPlates; PerkinElmer, Fremont,Calif.; catalog #6008280). To each of the experimental wells wastransferred 1500 recombinant CHO-K1 cells in 5 L phosphate bufferedsaline containing calcium chloride and magnesium chloride (PBS+;Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.; catalog #14040) supplemented with IBMX(250 μM) and rolipram (20 μM) (phosphodiesterase inhibitors;Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.; catalog #15879 and catalog #R6520,respectively), followed by test compound in 5 L compound buffer (PBS+supplemented with 10 L NKH477 (water-soluble forskolin derivative;SignaGen Laboratories, Gaithersburg, Md.; catalog #PKI-NKH477-010)) or 5L compound buffer. The plate was then incubated at room temperature for1 h. To each well was then added 5 L cAMP-d2 conjugate in lysis bufferand 5 L Cryptate conjugate in lysis buffer according to the kitmanufacturer's instructions. The plate was then further incubated atroom temperature for 1 hour, after which the assay plate was read.

Assay Readout:

HTRF® readout was accomplished using a PHERAstar (BMG LABTECH Inc.,Durham, N.C.) or EnVision™ (PerkinElmer, Fremont Calif.) microplatereader.

The corresponding activity for(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid (Compound (Ia)) in the HTRF assay is shown in Table 11.

TABLE 11 EC₅₀ Compound S1P1(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)- 28 pM2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)acetic acid

Example 3 Cellular/Functional Ca²⁺ Assay for Agonist Activity on S1P3Receptor

A compound of the invention can be shown to have no or substantially noagonist activity on the S1P3 receptor by using in assay a humanneuroblastoma cell line which endogenously expresses S1P3(predominantly), S1P2 and S1P5 receptors, but not S1P1 or S1P4receptors, based on mRNA analysis (Villullas et al., J. Neurosci. Res.,73:215-226, 2003). Of these, S1P3 and S1P2 receptors respond toagonists, such as S1P, with an intracellular calcium increase. No orsubstantially no increase of intracellular calcium in response to a testcompound is indicative of the test compound exhibiting no orsubstantially no agonist activity on the S1P3 receptor. Such an assaycan be performed commercially, e.g. by Caliper LifeSciences (Hopkinton,Mass.).

Assay:

The human neuroblastoma cells are washed and resuspended inphysiological buffer. The cells are then loaded with dye that measuresintracellular calcium. S1P is used as a reference agonist. Afteraddition of S1P or a test compound, fluorescence is measured at 485 nmexcitation/525 nm emission every 2 s for at least 60 s. Calciumionophore A23187 is then added as an internal positive control.

Example 4 Effect of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-Lysine Salt in Peripheral Lymphocyte Lowering (PLL) Assay in MaleBALB/c Mice

Mouse PLL Assay.

Animals:

Male BALB/c mice (Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Mass.) werehoused four per cage and maintained in a humidity-controlled (40 to 60%)and temperature-controlled (68 to 72° F.) facility on a 12 h: 12 hlight/dark cycle (lights on at 6:30 am) with free access to food (HarlanTeklad, Orange, Calif., Rodent Diet 8604) and water. Mice were allowed(approximately) one week of habituation to the animal facility beforetesting.

PLL Assay:

Mice were given a 0.300 mg/kg oral dose of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt or dosing vehicle (0.5% methyl cellulose in water) ina total volume of 10 mL/kg. Peripheral blood samples were collected at 5hours post-dose. The mice were anesthetized with isoflurane and bloodwas collected via cardiac puncture. A complete cell count (CBC),including lymphocyte count, was obtained using a CELL-DYN® 3700 (AbbottLaboratories, Abbott Park, Ill.) instrument. Results are presented inFIG. 15, in which peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) count is shown forthe 5 hour group. Reduction of the PBL count by the test compound incomparison with vehicle is indicative of the test compound exhibitingactivity or inducing peripheral lymphocyte lowering. It is apparent frominspection of FIG. 15 that(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt exhibited activity for inducing PBL lowering(lymphopenia) in the mouse.

Example 5 Effect of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid in Peripheral Lymphocyte Lowering (PLL) Assay in MaleSprague-Dawley Rats

Rat PLL Assay.

Animals:

Male Sprague-Dawley rats (Charles River Laboratories, Hollister, Calif.)were housed and maintained in humidity (40 to 60%) and temperature (68to 72° F.) controlled facility on a 12 h: 12 h light/dark cycle (lightson at 6:30 am) with free access to food (Harlan Teklad, Orange, Calif.,Rodent Diet 8604) and water. Rats were allowed (approximately) one weekof habituation to the animal facility before testing.

PLL Assay:

Rats were given a 1.0 mg/kg oral dose of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid or dosing vehicle (0.5% methyl cellulose in water) in a totalvolume of 1 mL/kg. Peripheral blood samples were collected at 5 hpost-dose. Blood was collected via indwelling catheter. A complete cellcount (CBC), including lymphocyte count, was obtained using a CELL-DYN®3700 (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Ill.) instrument. Results arepresented in FIG. 16, in which peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) countis shown for the 5 hour group. Reduction of the PBL count by the testcompound in comparison with vehicle is indicative of the test compoundexhibiting activity or inducing peripheral lymphocyte lowering. It isapparent from inspection of FIG. 16 that(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid exhibited activity for inducing PBL lowering (lymphopenia) in therat.

Example 6 Effect of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-Lysine Salt on Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE)

A compound of the invention can be shown to have therapeutic efficacy inmultiple sclerosis by showing it to have therapeutic efficacy inexperimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model formultiple sclerosis. In certain exemplary well-established models, EAE isinduced in rodents by injection of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein(MOG) peptide, by injection of myelin basic protein (MBP) or byinjection of proteolipid protein (PLP) peptide.

A. MOG-Induced EAE in Mice.

Animals:

Female C57BL/6 mice (8 to 10 weeks of age at start of study) (JacksonLaboratory, Bar Harbor, Me.) were housed four per cage and maintained ina humidity-controlled (40-60%) and temperature-controlled (68-72° F.)facility on a 12 h: 12 h light/dark cycle (lights on at 6:30 am) withfree access to food (Harlan Teklad, Orange, Calif., Rodent Diet 8604)and water. Mice were allowed one week of habituation to the animalfacility before testing.

Induction of EAE:

Mice were immunized subcutaneously, 50 L per hind flank, with a total of100 μg MOG₃₅₋₅₅ peptide emulsified 1:1 with complete Freund's adjuvantcontaining 4 mg/mL heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mice alsoreceive 200 ng pertussis toxin intraperitoneally on the day ofimmunization and 48 h later.

Clinical Scoring:

Severity of disease symptoms were scored as follows (in increasing orderof severity): 0=normal; 1=limp tail OR hind limb weakness; 2=limp tailAND limb weakness/weakness of 2 or more limbs; 3=severe limb weakness orsingle limb paralysis; 4=paralysis of 2 or more limbs; 5=death.

Drug Treatment:

Mice were dosed orally, with vehicle or(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt, once a day from day 3 until day 21. Dosing volumewas 5 mL/kg. Compound (Ia) was dosed at, e.g., 0.1 mg/kg, 0.3 mg/kg, and1.0 mg/kg. Mice were weighed daily. Mice were monitored daily from day 7onward for disease symptoms. After the last dose on day 21, diseaseprogression was monitored daily for 2 more weeks. Reduction of theseverity of disease symptoms by(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt in comparison with vehicle is shown in FIG. 17 andclearly shows that(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt exhibits therapeutic efficacy in EAE.

B. PLP-Induced EAE in Mice.

Animals:

Female SJL/J mice (8 to 10 weeks of age at start of study) (JacksonLaboratory, Bar Harbor, Me.) are housed four per cage and maintained ina humidity-controlled (40-60%) and temperature-controlled (68-72° F.)facility on a 12 h: 12 h light/dark cycle (lights on at 6:30 am) withfree access to food (Harlan-Teklad Western Res, Orange, Calif., RodentDiet 8604) and water. Mice are allowed one week of habituation to theanimal facility before testing.

Induction of EAE:

Mice are immunized subcutaneously with 100 μg PLP₁₃₉₋₁₅₁ peptideemulsified 1:1 with complete Freund's adjuvant containing 4 mg/mLheat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mice also receive 200 ngpertussis toxin intraperitoneally on the day of immunization and asecond 200 ng dose after 48 hours.

Clinical Scoring:

Severity of disease symptoms is scored as follows (in increasing orderof severity): 0=normal; 1=limp tail OR hind limb weakness; 2=limp tailAND limb weakness/weakness of 2 or more limbs; 3=severe limb weakness orsingle limb paralysis; 4=paralysis of 2 or more limbs; 5=death.

Drug Treatment:

Mice are dosed orally, with vehicle or a test compound, once a day fromday 3 until day 21. Dosing volume is 5 ml/kg. The test compound is dosedat, e.g., 1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg. Mice are weigheddaily. Mice are monitored daily from day 7 onward for disease symptoms.After the last dose on day 21, disease progression is monitored dailyfor two more weeks.

C. MBP-Induced EAE in Rats.

Animals:

Male Lewis rats (325-375 g at start of study) (Harlan, San Diego,Calif.) are housed two per cage and maintained in a humidity-controlled(30-70%) and temperature-controlled (20-22° C.) facility on a 12 h: 12 hlight/dark cycle (lights on at 6:30 A.M.) with free access to food(Harlan-Teklad Western Res., Orange, Calif., Rodent Diet 8604) andwater. Rats are allowed one week of habituation to the animal facilitybefore testing. During the study, rats are weighed daily prior toclinical scoring at 11 am.

Induction of EAE:

Myelin basic protein (MBP; guinea pig) is dissolved in sterile saline ata concentration of 1 mg/ml, and then emulsified 1:1 with completeFreund's adjuvant (1 mg/ml). 50 μL of this emulsion is administered byintraplantar (ipl) injection into both hind paws of each rat, for atotal injected volume of 100 μL per rat and a total dose of 50 μg of MBPper rat.

Clinical Scoring:

Severity of disease symptoms is scored daily after body weighing andbefore drug dosing. Severity of disease symptoms is scored as follows(in increasing order of severity): 0=normal; 1=tail OR limb weakness;2=tail AND limb weakness; 3=severe hind limb weakness or single limbparalysis; 4=loss of tail tone and paralysis of 2 or more limbs;5=death.

Drug Treatment:

Rats are dosed orally, with vehicle or a test compound, 1 hour prior toMBP injection on day 0 and daily thereafter, after clinical scoring, forthe duration of the study. Dosing volume is 5 mL/kg. The test compoundis dosed at, e.g., 1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg. Reduction ofthe severity of disease symptoms by the test compound in comparison withvehicle is indicative of the test compound exhibiting therapeuticefficacy in EAE.

Example 7 Effect of a Compound on Type I Diabetes

A compound of the invention can be shown to have therapeutic efficacy intype I diabetes using an animal model for type I diabetes, such ascyclophosphamide-induced type I diabetes in mice.

Animals:

Baseline blood glucose measurements are taken from 9-10 week old femaleNOD/Ltj mice (Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me.) to ensure that theyare normoglycemic (blood glucose is 80-120 mg/dL) prior to initiation ofthe experiment. Blood glucose is measured from tail bleeds using aOneTouch® Ultra® meter and test strips (LifeScan, Milpitas, Calif.).

Cyclophosphamide Induction of Type I Diabetes:

On day 0 and day 14, normoglycemic NOD mice are injectedintraperitoneally with 4 mg cyclophosphamide monohydrate (200 mg/kg)dissolved in 0.9% saline. If mice are diabetic (blood glucose is >250mg/dL), they are not given a booster dose of cyclophosphamide on day 14.

Drug Treatment:

Mice are dosed orally, with vehicle or test compound, once a day fromday 0 until day 25. Compounds are suspended in 0.5% methyl cellulosevehicle using a sonicator to ensure uniform suspension. Mice are weighedtwice weekly and are dosed according to weight. Dosing volume is 5mL/kg. The test compound is dosed at, e.g., 1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, 10 mg/kgor 30 mg/kg. Blood glucose is measured twice weekly. After dosing iscompleted at day 25, the mice continue to be monitored and blood glucosemeasurements are taken once a week for 3 weeks. Promotion ofnormoglycemia by the test compound in comparison with vehicle isindicative of the test compound exhibiting therapeutic efficacy in typeI diabetes.

Example 8 Allograft Survival

A compound of the invention can be shown to have therapeutic efficacy inprolonging allograft survival by showing it to have therapeutic efficacyin prolonging, e.g., survival of a skin allograft in an animal model.

Animals:

Female Balb/c mice (6 to 7 weeks of age at start of study) (JacksonLaboratory, Bar Harbor, Me.) are housed four per cage and maintained ina humidity-controlled (40-60%) and temperature-controlled (68-72° F.)facility on a 12 h: 12 h light/dark cycle (lights on at 6:30 am) withfree access to food (Harlan Teklad, Orange, Calif., Rodent Diet 8604)and water. Female C57BL/6 mice (8 to 10 weeks of age at start of study)(Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Me.) are similarly housed andmaintained. Mice are allowed one week of habituation to the animalfacility before testing.

Skin Allograft:

Balb/c and C57BL/6 mice are used as donors and recipients, respectively,in a model of skin allograft transplantation. Donor Balbc/J mice areanesthetized, and 0.5 cm—diameter full thickness areas of abdominal skinare surgically removed. Skin grafts harvested from the Balb/c mice aresutured onto the dorsum of anesthetized recipient C57BL/6 mice. Suturedallografts are covered with Vaseline gauze and Bolster dressing for 7days. The allografted mice are divided into 8 groups of 8 mice each.

Clinical Scoring:

Skin allografts are inspected and digital images recorded daily untilrejection, which is defined as the first day on which more than 80% ofthe graft is necrotic. Histological analysis of the rejected graft iscarried out on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections. In anoptional related study, on post-transplantation day 5 isolatedlymphocytes from peripheral lymph nodes and spleen are counted andcharacterized for activation markers (e.g., T-cell activation markers)by flow cytometry. Also on day 5, grafts are removed from transplantedrecipients, cut into small fragments, digested with collagenase andsedimented over Ficoll-Paque (Pharmacia Biotech, Uppsala, Sweden) toisolate graft-infiltrating lymphocytes, which are counted andcharacterized for activation markers (e.g., T-cell activation markers)by flow cytometry. Histological analysis of the graft on day 5 can becarried out on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections.

Drug Treatment:

Mice are dosed orally, with vehicle or test compound, once a day fromthe day of transplantation until the end of the study, e.g. until day14, 21, or 28. Dosing volume is 5 mL/kg. The test compound is dosed at,e.g., 1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg. Delay of time of rejectionof the skin allograft by the test compound in comparison with vehicle isindicative of the test compound exhibiting therapeutic efficacy inprolonging skin allograft survival.

Example 9 Effect of a Compound on Colitis

A compound of the invention can be shown to have therapeutic efficacy incolitis using an animal model for colitis. Suitable animal models areknown in the art (Boismenu et al., J. Leukoc. Biol., 67:267-278, 2000).A first exemplary animal model for colitis is trinitrobenzenesulfonicacid (TNBS)-induced colitis, which presents clinical andhistopathological findings that resemble those in Crohn's disease(Neurath et al., J. Exp. Med., 182:1281-1290, 1995; Boismenu et al., J.Leukoc. Biol., 67:267-278, 2000). A second exemplary animal model forcolitis is dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, which presentsclinical and histopathological findings that resemble those inulcerative colitis (Okayasu et al., Gastroenterology, 98:694-702, 1990;Boismenu et al., J. Leukoc. Biol., 67:267-278, 2000). Compounds can becommercially tested for efficacy in at least DSS-induced colitis andTNBS-induced colitis, e.g. by the Jackson Laboratory (Bar Harbor, Me.).

A. Mouse Model for Colitis.

Animals:

Male BALB/c mice (6 weeks of age at start of study) (Jackson Laboratory,Bar Harbor, Me.) are housed four per cage and maintained in ahumidity-controlled (40-60%) and temperature-controlled (68-72° F.)facility on a 12 h: 12 h light/dark cycle (lights on at 6:30 am) withfree access to food (Harlan Teklad, Orange Calif., Rodent Diet 8604) andwater. Mice are allowed one week of habituation to the animal facilitybefore testing.

TNBS Induction of Colitis:

Mice are weighed for baseline body weights and fasted later that daybeginning at 6:15 pm just prior to lights-out (day 0). Body weights aretaken again the following morning (day 1) at approximately 7:30 am. Miceare anesthetized with isoflurane prior to induction of colitis. Colitisis induced in the mice by intracolonic injection of about 150 mg/kg TNBSin 50% ethanol (in a volume of 150 μL) using an intubation needle (22 g,1.5 in) inserted completely into the anus with the mouse held by thetail in a vertical position. The mouse is held vertically for 30additional seconds to allow thorough absorption and minimize leakage,after which the mouse is returned to its cage. Mice are then fed,following the preceding approximately 14 hour of fasting. Each morningthereafter, the mice are weighed. In control experiments, mice receive50% ethanol alone using the same protocol.

Drug Treatment:

Drug treatment begins on day 2. Mice are dosed orally, with vehicle or atest compound, once a day from day 2 until the conclusion of theexperiment on, e.g., day 7, 14, or 21. Dosing volume is 5 mL/kg. Thetest compound is dosed at, e.g., 1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, or 30mg/kg.

Clinical Scoring:

Upon conclusion of the experiment, colons are extracted and measured.

Mice are euthanized with CO₂ and colon is removed from anus to cecum.Excised colon is measured for entire length, length from anus to end ofinflamed area and length of inflamed (affected) area. Aftermeasurements, colon is cleared of excrement by flushing with saline andthen cut open to clear more thoroughly. Colon is then weighed andpreserved in neutral buffered formalin (NBF; 10% formalin, pH 6.7-7.0).The colon tissue is embedded in paraffin and processed for hematoxylinand eosin (H & E)-stained sections. Severity of disease symptoms isscored histologically from the stained sections as follows: 0=noevidence of inflammation; 1=low level of leukocyte infiltration withinfiltration seen in <10% of high-power fields AND no structuralchanges; 2=moderate leukocyte infiltration with infiltration seen in 10%to 25% of high-power fields AND crypt elongation AND bowel wallthickening that does not extend beyond the mucosal layer AND noulcerations; 3=high level of leukocyte infiltration seen in 25% to 50%of high-power fields AND crypt elongation AND infiltration beyond themucosal layer AND thickening of the bowel wall AND superficialulcerations; 4=marked degree of transmural leukocyte infiltration seenin >50% of high-power fields AND elongated and distorted crypts ANDbowel wall thickening AND extensive ulcerations. Reduction of theseverity of the disease symptoms by the test compound in comparison withvehicle is indicative of the test compound exhibiting therapeuticefficacy in colitis.

B. Rat Model for Colitis.

Animals:

Male Wistar rats (175-200 g at start of study) (Charles RiverLaboratories, Wilmington, Mass.) are housed two per cage and maintainedin a humidity-controlled (40-60%) and temperature-controlled (68-72° F.)facility on a 12 h: 12 h light/dark cycle (lights on at 6:30 am) withfree access to food (Harlan Teklad, Orange Calif., Rodent Diet 8604) andwater. Rats are allowed one week of habituation to the animal facilitybefore testing.

TNBS Induction of Colitis:

Rats are weighed for baseline body weights and fasted later that daybeginning at 6:15 pm just prior to lights-out (day 0). Body weights aretaken again the following morning (day 1) at approximately 7:30 am. Ratsare anesthetized with isoflurane prior to induction of colitis. Colitisis induced in the rats by intracolonic injection of about 60 mg/kg TNBSin 50% ethanol (in a volume of 500 μL) using a fabricated intubationneedle (7.5 Fr umbilical catheter and 14 g hub) inserted 8 cm into theanus with the rat held by the tail in a vertical position. The rat isheld vertically for 30 additional s to allow thorough absorption andminimize leakage, after which the rat is returned to its cage. Rats arethen fed, following the preceding approximately 14 h of fasting. Eachmorning thereafter, the rats are weighed. In control experiments, ratsreceive 50% ethanol alone using the same protocol.

Drug Treatment:

Drug treatment begins on day 2. Rats are dosed orally, with vehicle ortest compound, once a day from day 2 until the conclusion of theexperiment on, e.g., day 7, 14 or 21. Dosing volume is 5 mL/kg. Testcompound is dosed at, e.g., 1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, or 30 mg/kg.

Clinical Scoring:

Upon conclusion of the experiment, colons are extracted and measured.Rats are euthanized with CO₂ and colon is removed from anus to cecum.Excised colon is measured for entire length, length from anus to end ofinflamed area, and length of inflamed (affected) area. Aftermeasurements, colon is cleared of excrement by flushing with saline andthen cut open to clear more thoroughly. Colon is then weighed andpreserved in neutral buffered formalin (NBF; 10% formalin, pH 6.7-7.0).The colon tissue is embedded in paraffin and processed for hematoxylinand eosin (H & E)-stained sections. Severity of disease symptoms isscored histologically from the stained sections as follows: 0=noevidence of inflammation; 1=low level of leukocyte infiltration withinfiltration seen in <10% of high-power fields AND no structuralchanges; 2=moderate leukocyte infiltration with infiltration seen in 10%to 25% of high-power fields AND crypt elongation AND bowel wallthickening that does not extend beyond the mucosal layer AND noulcerations; 3=high level of leukocyte infiltration seen in 25% to 50%of high-power fields AND crypt elongation AND infiltration beyond themucosal layer AND thickening of the bowel wall AND superficialulcerations; 4=marked degree of transmural leukocyte infiltration seenin >50% of high-power fields AND elongated and distorted crypts ANDbowel wall thickening AND extensive ulcerations. Reduction of theseverity of the disease symptoms by the test compound in comparison withvehicle is indicative of the test compound exhibiting therapeuticefficacy in colitis.

Example 10 Effects of a Compound on Cardiac Telemetry in the Rat

Animals:

Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250-300 g at time of surgery) are implanted byCharles River Laboratories (Wilmington, Mass.) with cardiac transmittingdevices (Data Sciences PhysioTel C50-PXT) into the peritoneal space,with a pressure-sensing catheter inserted into the descending aorta.Rats are allowed at least one week to recover. Rats are housed inindividual cages and maintained in a humidity-controlled (30-70%) andtemperature-controlled (20-22° C.) facility on a 12 h:12 h light/darkcycle (lights on at 7:00 am) with free access to food (Harlan-Teklad,Orange, Calif., Rodent Diet 8604) and water. Rats are allowed one weekof habituation to the animal facility before testing.

Measurement of Cardiovascular Parameters:

The implanted transmitting devices transmit continuous measurements ofblood pressure (systolic, diastolic, mean arterial, pulse), heart rate,body temperature, and motor activity in freely moving conscious animals.These data are transmitted via radiofrequency to a computer which binthe data into 1 min averages using DataSciences Aroom temperaturesoftware. Telemetry recording takes place over a 21-h period, startingat noon and continuing until 9:00 am the following day. A maximum ofeight rats are tested at a time, and the same eight rats are utilizedfor all treatment groups in a within-subject design.

Drug Treatment:

Rats are injected orally with vehicle or compound at 1:00 pm. A fullstudy (vehicle+3 doses) requires four separate testing sessions, whichoccur on Mondays-Tuesdays and Thursdays-Fridays. During each of thetesting sessions, the eight rats are divided into four treatment groupssuch that each group comprises N=2 for any given session. Rats arere-tested in subsequent testing sessions in a crossover design such thatby the end of the four sessions, all animals receive all treatments in apseudo-random order, and each group comprises N=8.

Exemplary Bradycardia Assay:

It is expressly contemplated that the rats can be used to show that acompound of the invention has no or substantially no activity forbradycardia. By way of illustration and not limitation, the rats areadministered vehicle or a test compound and heart rate is then measuredover a 120 min period. No or substantially no reduction of heart rate inresponse to the test compound in comparison with vehicle is indicativeof the test compound exhibiting no or substantially no activity forbradycardia.

Those skilled in the art will recognize that various modifications,additions, substitutions and variations to the illustrative examples setforth herein can be made without departing from the spirit of theinvention and are, therefore, considered within the scope of theinvention. All documents referenced above, including, but not limitedto, printed publications and provisional and regular patentapplications, are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Citation of any reference throughout this application is not to beconstrued as an admission that such reference is prior art to thepresent application.

1-14. (canceled)
 15. A process for preparing an L-lysine salt of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid of Formula (Ia):

comprising the steps of: a) hydrolyzing said compound of Formula (IIn):

wherein R⁶ is C₁-C₄ alkyl; in the presence of a hydrolyzing-step baseand a hydrolyzing-step solvent to form said(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid; and b) contacting said(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid with L-lysine or a salt thereof, in the presence of acontacting-step solvent and H₂O to form said L-lysine salt of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid.
 16. A process for preparing an L-lysine salt of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid of Formula (Ia):

comprising the step of: contacting the(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid with L-lysine or a salt thereof, in the presence of acontacting-step solvent and H₂O to form said L-lysine salt of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid.
 17. The process according to claim 16, wherein saidcontacting-step solvent comprises acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran,acetone, or ethyl acetate.
 18. The process according to claim 16,wherein said contacting-step solvent comprises ethanol or isopropanol.19. The process according to claim 16, wherein the molar ratio betweensaid(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid and L-lysine is about 1.0:1.0 to about 1.0:1.2.
 20. The processaccording to claim 16, said process further comprising the step ofisolating said L-lysine salt of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid.
 21. The process according to claim 20, wherein after saidisolating, said L-lysine salt of(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid has a purity of about 97% or greater, and an enantiomeric excess ofabout 97% or greater.
 22. A process for preparing(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid of Formula (Ia):

comprising the step of: hydrolyzing a compound of Formula (IIn):

wherein R⁶ is C₁-C₄ alkyl; in the presence of a hydrolyzing-step baseand a hydrolyzing-step solvent to form said(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid.
 23. The process according to claim 22, wherein R⁶ is CH₂CH₃. 24.The process according to claim 22, wherein said hydrolyzing-step basecomprises sodium hydroxide.
 25. The process according to claim 22,wherein said hydrolyzing-step solvent comprises dioxane, methanol, andwater.
 26. The process according to claim 22, wherein said hydrolyzingfurther comprises the step of isolating said(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid.
 27. The process according to claim 26, wherein after saidisolating, said(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid has an enantiomeric excess of about 97% or greater. 28-40.(canceled)
 41. A process for preparing a composition comprising admixinga salt selected from:(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-lysine salt;(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt;(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid sodium salt hydrate;(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid ethylenediamine salt hydrate;(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1,3-diol salt;(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid L-arginine salt;(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid zinc salt;(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid calcium salt;(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid N-methylglucamine salt;(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid potassium salt; and(R)-2-(9-chloro-7-(4-isopropoxy-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyloxy)-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]indol-1-yl)aceticacid magnesium salt; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 42-56.(canceled)